This is a funny grammar topic. It’s so basic, that it would not be tested directly on a GMAT Sentence Correction question, and yet getting clear on these issues can clear up some confusion about grammar questions.
Direct Object
The direct object is the noun that receives the action of the verb. The subject of an active verb is the “doer” of the action, and the direct object has the action done to it.
1) The man bought a loaf of bread.
Of course, in that sentence, the “man” is the subject, the “doer” who is performing the action of “buying”, and the “loaf of bread” is the direct object, the passive recipient of the action. It would be nothing noteworthy for a human being to be the subject, to buy or sell: we do that all the time. It would be a crime throughout the civilized world for a human being to the direct object, to be bought or sold: that implies slavery, which is banned by all nations but regrettably continues in some forms. Being a subject or a direct object makes a big difference!
Notice that neither the subject nor the direct object has to be a noun-word: either could be a larger grammatical structure acting as a noun. Infinitive phrases and substantive clauses act as nouns, and could be either the subject or the direct object.
Also, notice what happens to personal pronouns:
2) I saw him. He saw me.
The subjects are in the both in the subjective forms (I, he, she, we, they), and the direct objects are both in the objective forms (me, him, her, us, them).
Now, you may wonder, do all verbs take direct objects?
Transitive and Intransitive
As it turns out, all verbs are divided into two categories: transitive and intransitive. A transitive verb is a verb that takes a direct object, that “feels incomplete” without a direct object. Examples include:
to buy
to lay
to say
to sell
to suspect
to visit
Each one of these takes a direct object. If I say simply: “He bought” or “He said” or “He suspected”, then you would be want to know “WHAT?” — what did he buy? what did he say? what did he suspect? The verbs, by their meaning, demand a direct object and sound logically incomplete without one.
Intransitive verbs do not take direct objects. They aren’t designed to accommodate a direct object. Examples include:
to breathe
to exist
to die
to go
to lie
None of these need a direct object. If I say, “he breathed” or “he went” or “he walked”, then you might be curious about “when? where? how? why?”, but there is no sensible “what” question to ask. In each case, the verb-idea is complete without a direct object.
Now, the issue is made much more confusing by the fact that many verbs can be used both in a transitive or intransitive sense. Examples include:
to rank
to walk
to clean
to close
to concentrate
to eat
to open
to sing
It makes perfect sense to use each one of these without a direct object. “He spent the day cleaning.” “The store opens and closes each day.” “I am not able to concentrate.” “Right now, she is eating.” “I enjoy singing.” — Those examples include a selection of verb forms, but in each case, the verb-idea is complete without a direct object. At the same time, for any of them, we could add a direct object and the verb would make sense. “She cleaned the carburetor.” “He closed the window.” “The scientist concentrated the acid.” Many verbs have this flexibility.
Active & Passive
The GMAT prefers active language, but at times passive verbs are correct on the GMAT Sentence Correction. Whether a verb is active or passive is called verb voice: the active voice and the passive voice of a verb. Suppose P is the “doer”, the person or agent that performs the action, and suppose Q is the object that receives the action. If the active voice form is P [active verb] Q, then the general passive voice form is Q [passive verb] “by” P. For example,
3a) Rachel made the announcement. = active voice
3b) The announcement was made by Rachel. = passive voice
Notice that the direct object of the active voice form becomes the subject of the passive voice form. This means: in order to put a verb in the passive form, it must be a verb that, in the active form, can take a direct object. Only transitive verbs, or those verbs that have a transitive form, can be put into the passive voice.
Participles
Every verb has two main participles: (a) the present participle, i.e. the –ing form of the verb, and (b) the past participle, the form of the verb that followed “has” or “have” or “had“; for regular verbs, the past participle is just he –ed past tense form of the verb. These are used in constructive of verb tenses, such as the progressive or perfect tenses.
In addition to their role as parts of verbs in various tenses, participles also take on a life of their own as modifiers. Participles and participial phrases can act as adjectival phrases, modifying nouns, or as adverbial phrases, modifying verbs and entire clauses.
Consider the verb “to eat” and its participles: the present participle “eating” and the past participle “eaten”. Notice that the present participle, “eating”, would describe a consumer, someone performing the action of eating, but the past participle, “eaten” would describe food, something that has been subject to the action of eating. In other words, the present participle is active, and the past participle is passive. A direct corollary of this is that only transitive verbs, or those verbs that have a transitive form, have a past participle that can used as a modifier.
I’ll just add: there is seldom used third participle, the perfect participle, which is always “having” + [past participle]. This is a past tense active participle, so this can be used as a modifier for all verbs, both transitive and intransitive, although this is a rare and highly sophisticated form that seldom appears on the GMAT. Here’s a sentence using a perfect participle as a modifier:
4) Having crossed the Rubicon, Caesar was in violation of Roman law.
Summary
I hope this brief post clarified concepts in your mind and helped you understand why some forms of some verbs do not exist. If you would like to add anything or ask a question, please use the comment section below.
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