The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is a standardized test that measures English proficiency for non-native speakers. If you’re applying to universities, seeking professional certification, or navigating immigration requirements in English-speaking countries, you’ve probably heard about this test. But what exactly is the TOEFL, and do you need to take it?
In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about the TOEFL—from test format and scoring to what to expect on test day. Whether you’re just starting your research or ready to register, you’ll walk away with a clear understanding of the exam.
Table of Contents
What Is the TOEFL?
So what is TOEFL exactly? The TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language. It’s a standardized English proficiency exam designed to measure your ability to use and understand English at the university level. The test evaluates four key language skills: reading, listening, speaking, and writing.
The TOEFL meaning is straightforward: it’s a test that proves you can read, write, speak, and understand English well enough to succeed in an academic environment. If you’ve ever wondered “what does TOEFL stand for?” or “what is the TOEFL test?”—now you know.
Administered by ETS (Educational Testing Service), the TOEFL has been the gold standard for English proficiency testing since 1964. Today, it’s accepted by more than 13,000 institutions in over 200 countries, making it one of the most widely recognized English language tests in the world.
The most common version is the TOEFL iBT (internet-based test), which you can take at a test center or from home. There’s also the TOEFL Essentials, a shorter and more affordable option, though the iBT remains the standard for most university applications.
If you’re planning to study abroad, pursue graduate school, or work in an English-speaking environment, the TOEFL helps you demonstrate that you have the English skills needed to succeed. For a complete preparation roadmap, check out our guide on how to prepare for the TOEFL.
Who Takes the TOEFL and Why?
Now that you understand what the TOEFL is, you might be wondering if you need to take it. The TOEFL serves several purposes beyond university admissions. Here’s who typically takes the test and why.
University Admissions
This is the most common reason people take the TOEFL. If you’re a non-native English speaker applying to undergraduate or graduate programs in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, or other English-speaking countries, you’ll likely need to submit TOEFL scores as part of your application.
Universities use TOEFL scores to ensure you can handle coursework conducted entirely in English—attending lectures, reading academic texts, participating in discussions, and writing research papers.
Immigration and Visas
Some countries accept TOEFL scores for visa and immigration applications. If you’re applying for work permits or residency in countries like Australia, New Zealand, or Canada, English proficiency tests may be part of the requirements.
Professional Licensing
Certain professional fields require English proficiency certification, particularly in healthcare. Nurses, pharmacists, and other medical professionals may need TOEFL scores to obtain licensing or certification in English-speaking countries.
Employment
International companies and organizations that operate in English often require English proficiency scores from job applicants. The TOEFL demonstrates that you can communicate effectively in professional environments.
Pro tip: Not sure if you need the TOEFL? Check with your target institution or employer directly. Some universities waive the requirement for applicants who completed their education in English or come from English-speaking countries.
What Is on the TOEFL? (Test Format)
Understanding what is on the TOEFL exam helps you prepare effectively. The TOEFL iBT tests four language skills in separate sections. Here’s what you’ll encounter on test day:
| Section | Description | Duration | Items | Adaptive? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reading | Academic and daily-life passages | ~30 min | Up to 50 | Yes |
| Listening | Conversations and short academic talks | ~29 min | Up to 47 | Yes |
| Speaking | Listen and Repeat, Interview tasks | ~8 min | Up to 11 | No |
| Writing | Build sentences, write emails, academic discussion | ~23 min | Up to 12 | No |
| Total | ~1.5 hours |
Reading tests your ability to understand academic texts (100-250 words) and daily-life materials like emails and announcements. You’ll answer questions about main ideas, details, vocabulary, and context—including “Complete the Words” tasks where you fill in missing words. The Reading section is adaptive, meaning difficulty adjusts based on your performance.
Listening measures how well you understand spoken English. You’ll hear short conversations (~30 seconds) and academic talks (1-1.5 minutes), then answer questions about what you heard—including “Choose a Response” tasks where you select the appropriate reply to a statement. This section is also adaptive.
Speaking assesses your ability to communicate verbally in English. You’ll complete “Listen and Repeat” tasks (repeating phrases accurately) and “Interview” tasks (answering questions about yourself and opinions)—all recorded through your computer’s microphone.
Writing evaluates your ability to write in English. Tasks include “Build a Sentence” (constructing sentences from given elements), “Write an Email” (short professional emails), and contributing to an academic discussion.
Note: This format reflects the January 2026 updates, which shortened the test from ~2 hours to ~1.5 hours and introduced adaptive testing for Reading and Listening.
For detailed strategies on each section, explore our guides on TOEFL Reading, TOEFL Listening, TOEFL Speaking, and TOEFL Writing.
How Is the TOEFL Scored?
Understanding TOEFL scoring is essential for setting your target score and evaluating your performance.
Current Scoring (1-6 Scale)
The TOEFL uses a scoring system aligned with the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages):
- Each section: 1.0 to 6.0 (in half-point increments)
- Overall score: 1.0 to 6.0 (average of all four sections)
Legacy Scoring (0-120 Scale)
During the transition period through 2028, score reports show both the new scale and the legacy 0-120 scale:
- Each section: 0-30 points
- Total score: 0-120 points (sum of all four sections)
| New Scale | Legacy Scale | Proficiency Level |
|---|---|---|
| 5.5-6.0 | 114+ | Advanced (C2) |
| 4.5-5.0 | 95-106 | Advanced (C1) |
| 3.5-4.5 | 72-94 | Upper-Intermediate (B2) |
| 3.0-3.5 | 60-71 | Intermediate (B1) |
| Below 3.0 | Below 60 | Developing |
MyBest Scores
ETS offers “MyBest” scores, which combine your highest section scores from all valid TOEFL tests taken within the past two years. Many institutions accept MyBest scores, giving you the flexibility to improve individual sections across multiple test attempts.
For detailed information about score requirements and what counts as a good score, see our guide on what is a good TOEFL score.
What Is a Good TOEFL Score?
The short answer: it depends on where you’re applying. Different programs have different expectations, and a “good” score is ultimately one that meets or exceeds your target institution’s requirements.
Here’s a general guide to help you set your target:
| Goal | New Scale (1-6) | Legacy Scale (0-120) |
|---|---|---|
| Top 20 universities | 5.0-5.5+ | 100-110+ |
| Competitive graduate programs | 4.5-5.0 | 90-100 |
| Most undergraduate programs | 4.0-4.5 | 80-90 |
| Community colleges | 3.0-3.5 | 60-70 |
Keep in mind that some programs also require minimum scores in each section. A business school might want at least a 4.0 (new scale) or 25 (legacy scale) in Speaking, while an engineering program might emphasize Reading and Writing.
The best approach: Check the specific requirements for each program you’re applying to. Many universities publish their TOEFL requirements on their admissions pages. For a complete breakdown of score requirements by program type, visit our TOEFL scores guide.
TOEFL vs IELTS: Which Should You Take?
The TOEFL and IELTS are the two most widely accepted English proficiency tests, and most universities accept both. Here’s how they compare:
| Factor | TOEFL | IELTS |
|---|---|---|
| Format | Computer-based | Paper or computer |
| Speaking | Recorded responses to a computer | Face-to-face interview |
| English Accent | Mix of accents (American, British, Australian) | British/Australian English |
| Duration | ~1.5 hours | ~2 hours 45 minutes |
| Score Scale | 1-6 (new) / 0-120 (legacy) | 1-9 band score |
| Most Popular In | US, Canada | UK, Australia, New Zealand |
Choose TOEFL if:
- You’re applying primarily to US or Canadian universities
- You feel more comfortable speaking to a computer than to a person
- You’re already familiar with American, British, and Australian accents
Choose IELTS if:
- You’re applying to UK, Australian, or New Zealand institutions
- You prefer a face-to-face speaking assessment
- You want the option to take a paper-based test
Pro tip: Most universities accept both tests, so choose the one that plays to your strengths. If you’re unsure, take practice tests for both and see which format feels more comfortable.
How Do I Register for the TOEFL?
Registering for the TOEFL is straightforward. Here’s the process:
- Create an ETS account at ets.org
- Choose your test option: Test center or TOEFL iBT Home Edition
- Select a date and location: Browse available dates at nearby test centers
- Pay the registration fee: $200-320 depending on your location
- Receive confirmation: You’ll get an email with your test details
Test center availability varies by location and time of year. During peak application seasons (typically fall), popular centers fill up quickly.
Pro tip: Register at least 2-4 weeks in advance, especially during busy seasons. If your preferred date isn’t available, check back regularly—spots sometimes open up due to cancellations.
For information about test fees and ways to save, see our guide on TOEFL cost.
How Do I Prepare for the TOEFL?
Effective TOEFL preparation depends on your starting level and target score. Most test-takers need 1-3 months of focused study, though this varies based on your current English proficiency and goal score.
The key is to start with a diagnostic test to identify your weak areas, then create a study plan that targets those sections specifically. Magoosh’s free TOEFL practice test—built entirely from official ETS questions—is a great place to start. Practice under timed conditions and review your mistakes carefully.
Ready to start preparing? Our comprehensive guide on how to prepare for the TOEFL includes study timelines, section-specific strategies, and recommended resources for every budget.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does TOEFL stand for?
TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language. It’s a standardized test that measures English proficiency for non-native speakers, primarily for academic purposes. The TOEFL definition emphasizes its role as an academic English assessment—it measures whether you can succeed in university-level coursework conducted in English.
How long is the TOEFL?
The TOEFL iBT takes approximately 1.5 hours to complete. The test was shortened in January 2026 from its previous duration of about 2 hours.
How much does the TOEFL cost?
TOEFL registration fees range from $200 to $320 depending on your location. Additional fees apply for late registration, rescheduling, and sending extra score reports.
Is TOEFL harder than IELTS?
Neither test is universally harder—they’re just different. The TOEFL emphasizes computer-based skills and typed responses, while IELTS includes handwritten sections and a face-to-face speaking interview. Your experience with each format will likely determine which feels easier.
Do US citizens need to take the TOEFL?
Generally, no. US citizens are typically exempt from English proficiency requirements at American universities. However, some international universities or programs may require all applicants to demonstrate English proficiency regardless of citizenship.
How long are TOEFL scores valid?
TOEFL scores are valid for 2 years from the test date. After that, they expire and can no longer be sent to institutions.
Conclusion
Now you know the answer to “what is TOEFL?”—the world’s most widely accepted English proficiency test for academic purposes. Whether you’re applying to universities, pursuing professional licensing, or meeting immigration requirements, understanding what the TOEFL is and how it works is your first step toward success.
With the current format—a streamlined 1.5-hour test with adaptive sections and a new 1-6 scoring scale—now is a great time to start your preparation. Check your target programs’ requirements, set a realistic score goal, and build a study plan that works for your timeline.
Ready to start preparing? Magoosh TOEFL Prep features 100% official ETS questions, expert video lessons, and instant feedback on speaking and writing. You’ve got this.
