{"id":4296,"date":"2017-01-03T12:25:48","date_gmt":"2017-01-03T20:25:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/?p=4296"},"modified":"2017-01-09T10:21:22","modified_gmt":"2017-01-09T18:21:22","slug":"gmat-grammar-esl-students","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/gmat-grammar-esl-students\/","title":{"rendered":"GMAT Grammar for ESL Students: Relativizer &#8220;That&#8221; and Implied Nouns"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4305\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/files\/2016\/12\/GMATgramamrsolved.jpg\" alt=\"gmat grammar esl students\" width=\"367\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/files\/2016\/12\/GMATgramamrsolved.jpg 500w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/files\/2016\/12\/GMATgramamrsolved-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/files\/2016\/12\/GMATgramamrsolved-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A noun in English is <em>implied<\/em> if the noun could be in a sentence, but is left out. Nouns are often implied but unstated with English relativizer &#8220;that.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>This grammar structure has sometimes occurs on the TOEFL. But the concept of implied nouns with &#8220;that&#8221; is especially useful to non-native English speakers who are doing <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT prep<\/a>. Below, we&#8217;ll look at this aspect of English grammar in detail.<\/p>\n<h2>Nouns That Mean &#8220;Idea&#8221; in Academic English<\/h2>\n<p>In academic English, nouns that\u00a0label\u00a0<em>ideas<\/em>\u00a0are often omitted. So what nouns mean &#8220;idea? Obviously the noun &#8220;idea&#8221;\u00a0itself refers to an idea.\u00a0But several other nouns can also describe ideas. Here are a few synonyms for\u00a0&#8220;idea&#8221; with example sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>concept<br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Example sentence<\/em>: The <strong>concept<\/strong> of the &#8220;horseless carriage&#8221; eventually led to the invention of the modern car.<\/li>\n<li><strong>belief<br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Example sentence:\u00a0<\/em>The ancient Greeks had a <strong>belief<\/strong> that there were\u00a0many gods, not just one God.<\/li>\n<li><strong>theory<\/strong><br \/>\nBiologist Charles Darwin&#8217;s <strong>theory<\/strong> indicated that living things evolved, changing greatly over many generations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>claim<br \/>\n<\/strong>The accused thief&#8217;s <strong>claim<\/strong> of his innocence was not believed by the police, the judge or the jury.<\/li>\n<li><strong>assumption<br \/>\n<\/strong>Ever since World War II, there is an <strong>assumption<\/strong> of potential global danger when when country tries to conquer another.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you can see, all five example words above could be replaced by &#8220;idea&#8221; and the\u00a0meaning of the sentence wouldn&#8217;t change.<\/p>\n<p>The five example sentences above all represent high-intermediate academic English. \u00a0These five example sentences have a formal tone and deal with specialized academic subjects (technology, history, biology, law, and geopolitics)\u00a0.<\/p>\n<h2>Nouns that Mean Idea in Complex, Advanced Academic English Sentences<\/h2>\n<p>The sentences I just showed you are very academic.\u00a0However, they could be written at an even more advanced level of academic English. Below, I&#8217;ve revised these sentences to make them more complicated, more like something you might see in a grad school textbook. Here are the sentences again, now with added information and more complex grammar:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A seemingly unimportant nineteenth-century idea,\u00a0<strong>the concept<\/strong> that a carriage could be &#8220;horseless,&#8221; pushed by an engine instead of pulled by a horse, eventually led to the development of a series of automobiles and the development of the modern car.<\/li>\n<li>The ancient Greek religious <strong>belief<\/strong>,\u00a0the idea that there were many deities and not just one, is very different from the modern Greek Orthodox Christian faith in one true God.<\/li>\n<li>Charles Darwin, the famed British biologist,\u00a0put forth an at-the-time-stunning claim,\u00a0<strong>a theory\u00a0<\/strong>that living things evolved, changing greatly over many generations.<\/li>\n<li>The accused thief made a claim that no one believed,\u00a0<strong>his claim<\/strong> that he was innocent and had been framed; this claim was rejected by the police, a judge, and a jury.<\/li>\n<li>Ever since the conclusion of World War II, when world leaders witness one nation invading another, they usually make <strong>an assumption<\/strong>, a collective consensus that there is a potential for global danger, and that international intervention should be considered.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The revised sentences above are a bit harder to follow, aren&#8217;t they? And it&#8217;s not just ESL students that may have trouble reading these five expanded sentences. These sentences could be a challenge even for some native speakers.<\/p>\n<h2>Simplifying Complex Academic English Sentences About Ideas<\/h2>\n<p>Fortunately, there&#8217;s a simple yet powerful way to simplify complex sentences like the examples\u00a0above.<\/p>\n<p>To see how we can simplify this kind of sentence pattern, take a second look at the example sentences above. Notice that every &#8220;idea&#8221; noun phrase in\u00a0<strong>bold\u00a0<\/strong>has another &#8220;idea&#8221; noun phrase right before it or right after it.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<strong>The concept <\/strong>that&#8230;&#8221; is preceded by\u00a0&#8220;nineteenth century idea.&#8221;\u00a0&#8220;<strong>Belief<\/strong>&#8221; is followed by &#8220;the idea that&#8230;.&#8221; &#8220;<strong>A theory\u00a0<\/strong>that&#8230;&#8221; is preceded by &#8220;stunning claim.&#8221; &#8220;<strong>His claim\u00a0<\/strong>that&#8230;&#8221; is preceded by &#8220;a claim that no one believed.&#8221; Finally, in the fifth example complex sentence above, &#8220;<strong>an assumption<\/strong>&#8221; is followed by &#8220;a collective consensus that&#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The pattern for these sentences is:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(idea noun)<\/strong>&gt;&gt;<strong>(idea noun restated)<\/strong>&gt;&gt;<strong>(relativizer &#8220;that&#8221;)<\/strong> &gt;&gt; <strong>(additional description of idea noun)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>This is a tricky pattern. But sentences with this grammar pattern\u00a0can be simplified so that they&#8217;re easier to understand. How? This is where the idea of\u00a0<em>implying a noun<\/em> comes in.<\/p>\n<h2>In a Complex Sentence About Ideas, the Restated Idea Noun Can be Implied and Omitted<\/h2>\n<p>Here again is the pattern for complicated &#8220;idea-describing&#8221; sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>[[clause with idea noun]]<\/strong>&gt;&gt;<strong>[[idea noun restated]]<\/strong>&gt;&gt;<strong>[[relativizer &#8220;that&#8221;]]<\/strong>&gt;&gt;<strong>[[additional description of idea noun]]<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Unless you are trying to put special emphasis on the idea noun, it really isn&#8217;t necessary to restate it. So the &#8220;idea noun restated&#8221; part of the pattern can actually be left out.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, this sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A seemingly unimportant nineteenth-century idea,\u00a0<strong>the concept<\/strong> that a carriage could be &#8220;horseless,&#8221; pushed by an engine instead of pulled by a horse, eventually led to the development of a series of automobiles and the development of the modern car.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Can be simplified to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A seemingly unimportant nineteenth century idea, that a carriage could be &#8220;horseless,&#8221; pushed by an engine instead of pulled by a horse, eventually led to the development of a series of automobiles and the development of the modern car.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Similarly, we can change this sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The ancient Greek religious <strong>belief<\/strong>,\u00a0the idea that there were many deities and not just one, is very different from the modern Greek Orthodox Christian faith in one true god.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By simplifying it to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The ancient Greek religious <strong>belief<\/strong>\u00a0 that there were many deities and not just one is very different from the modern Greek Orthodox Christian faith in one true god.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And so on. (As a learning activity, you can omit the restated words in the remaining three complex example sentences.)<\/p>\n<h2>How Understanding [[implied noun]]+[[that]]\u00a0is Useful in\u00a0the GMAT Grammar<\/h2>\n<p>The pattern of &#8220;idea noun&#8221;+&#8221;idea noun restated&#8221;+&#8221;that&#8221; can come up in <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/category\/verbal\/sentence-correction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT Verbal Sentence Correction problems<\/a>. It&#8217;s helpful to know that the restatement of the noun isn&#8217;t necessary. It&#8217;s also helpful to know that it&#8217;s OK to omit the &#8220;idea&#8221; noun from this structure.<\/p>\n<h2>How This is Helpful on the TOEFL<\/h2>\n<p>This sentence pattern and the use of unwritten, <em>implied<\/em> nouns\u00a0is most common on the GMAT. But you may also see this construction\u00a0in TOEFL Reading or hear it in TOEFL Listening, TOEFL Integrated Speaking, or TOEFL Integrated Writing. When this structure occurs on the TOEFL, it&#8217;s important to recognize it and understand which noun is being implied.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A noun in English is implied if the noun could be in a sentence, but is left out. Nouns are often implied but unstated with English relativizer &#8220;that.&#8221; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":80,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13603],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[13630],"class_list":["post-4296","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-grammar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>GMAT Grammar for ESL Students: Relativizer &quot;That&quot; and Implied Nouns<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A noun in English is implied if the noun could be in a sentence, but is left out. 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Additionally, he's helped students with TOEIC, PET, FCE, BULATS, Eiken, SAT, ACT, GRE, and GMAT. David has a BS and MA from the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and an MA from the University of Wisconsin-River Falls.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MagooshEnglishLearning","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/david-recine\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCra3KQoJlOP7RYwaCyH2qew"],"knowsAbout":["TOEFL","IELTS","TOEIC","PET","FCE","BULATS","Eiken","SAT","ACT","GRE","GMAT"],"knowsLanguage":["English","Italian"],"jobTitle":"Content Creator","worksFor":"Magoosh","url":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/author\/davidr\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":13630,"user_id":80,"is_guest":0,"slug":"davidr","display_name":"David Recine","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b70c17ee6f3ef87dc4cc5dbdebda911d6dd30dfe15845e4b1d459a3e1b33ef98?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"","last_name":"Recine","first_name":"David","description":"David is a Test Prep Expert for Magoosh TOEFL and IELTS. Additionally, he's helped students with TOEIC, PET, FCE, BULATS, Eiken, SAT, ACT, GRE, and GMAT.\r\n\r\nDavid has a BS from the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and an MA from the University of Wisconsin-River Falls. His work at Magoosh has been cited in<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C50&amp;q=Recine+magoosh&amp;btnG=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> many scholarly articles<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/minds.wisconsin.edu\/handle\/1793\/65479\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> his Master's Thesis<\/a> is featured on the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.readingwithpictures.org\/2013\/09\/research-highlight-teaching-english-language-learners-with-comics\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Reading with Pictures<\/a> website, and he's presented at the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.witesol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/2014-WITESOL-Program-FINAL-10-28-14.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> WITESOL (link to PDF)<\/a> and<a href=\"https:\/\/issuu.com\/interoff\/docs\/nafsaregionv_2014conference\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> NAFSA<\/a> conferences. David has taught K-12 ESL in South Korea as well as undergraduate English and MBA-level business English at American universities. He has also trained English teachers in America, Italy, and Peru.\r\n\r\nCome join David and the Magoosh team on<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCra3KQoJlOP7RYwaCyH2qew\"> Youtube<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MagooshEnglishLearning\"> Facebook<\/a>, and<a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/magooshenglish\/?hl=en\"> Instagram<\/a>, or connect with him via<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/david-recine\/\"> LinkedIn<\/a>!"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4296","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/80"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4296"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4296\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4296"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4296"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4296"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/toefl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=4296"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}