{"id":2490,"date":"2021-07-11T17:07:29","date_gmt":"2021-07-12T00:07:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/?p=2490"},"modified":"2021-07-11T17:07:29","modified_gmt":"2021-07-12T00:07:29","slug":"mcat-citric-acid-cycle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/mcat-citric-acid-cycle\/","title":{"rendered":"MCAT Citric Acid Cycle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle.jpg\" alt=\"Man eating fruit after exercising to represent MCAT citric acid cycle - image by Magoosh\" width=\"1200\" class=\"center size-full wp-image-2495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle.jpg 2400w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-2048x1024.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>So you want to familiarize yourself with the MCAT citric acid cycle content? You&#8217;ve come to the right place! The citric acid cycle, also known as Krebs cycle or Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), can seem quite complicated, but we&#8217;ve broken it down, step by step. Check out our guide to <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/mcat-biology-biochemistry-topics\/\">bio and biochem topics on the MCAT<\/a> as well!<\/p>\n<p>For a PDF version of this content, as well as more MCAT resources, click the link below! <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mcat.magoosh.com\/resources\/?utm_source=mcatblog&#038;utm_medium=blog&#038;utm_campaign=mcatresources&#038;utm_term=image&#038;utm_content=mcat-citric-acid-cycle\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/06\/MCAT-Resources-Button.png\" alt=\"Click here to download more Magoosh MCAT resources\" width=\"540\" height=\"100\" class=\"center size-full wp-image-2408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/06\/MCAT-Resources-Button.png 540w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/06\/MCAT-Resources-Button-300x56.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>And now, without further ado, let&#8217;s jump in&#8230;<\/p>\n<h2>Citric Acid Cycle Preparation <\/h2>\n<p>First and foremost, you&#8217;ll want to know the basics of citric acid cycle preparation, which is demonstrated in the following diagram:<\/p>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/Citric-acid-cycle-preparation.png\" alt=\"This magoosh image is a breakdown of the citric acid cycle preparation, including an explanation of glycolysis \" width=\"705\" height=\"100\" class=\"center size-full wp-image-2491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/Citric-acid-cycle-preparation.png 705w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/Citric-acid-cycle-preparation-300x43.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Okay, now onto the actual citric acid cycle.<\/p>\n<h2>Citric Acid Cycle<\/h2>\n<p>Below is a breakdown of each step of the citric acid cycle, complete with a diagram and key control points.<\/p>\n<h3>Overall Reaction<\/h3>\n<p><strong>2 acetyl groups + 6 NAD<sup>+<\/sup> + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi &rarr; 4 CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 6 NADH + 6 H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2 FADH<sub>2<\/sub> + 2 ATP<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In mitochondrial matrix (cytosol of prokaryotes)<\/li>\n<li>Objective: Oxidize <strong>acetyl-CoA<\/strong> to <strong>CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong>, while producing <strong>energy<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Aerobic respiration (CO<sub>2<\/sub> present)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Steps<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Citrate Formation<\/li>\n<li>Citrate Isomerized to Isocitrate<\/li>\n<li>\u03b1-Ketoglutarate and CO<sub>2<\/sub> Formation<\/li>\n<li>Succinyl-CoA and CO<sub>2<\/sub> Formation<\/li>\n<li>Succinate Formation<\/li>\n<li>Fumarate Formation\n<ul>\n<li>Takes place on <strong>inner membrane<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>GTP formed directly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Malate Formation<\/li>\n<li>Oxaloacetate Regenerated<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-diagram.png\" alt=\"Diagram of the MCAT citric acid cycle - image by Magoosh\" width=\"600\" class=\"center size-full wp-image-2501\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-diagram.png 1202w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-diagram-292x300.png 292w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-diagram-997x1024.png 997w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-diagram-768x788.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1202px) 100vw, 1202px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-ATP.png\" alt=\"ATP of MCAT citric acid cycle - image by Magoosh\" width=\"200\" class=\"center size-full wp-image-2503\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-ATP.png 544w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-ATP-131x300.png 131w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/MCAT-Citric-Acid-Cycle-ATP-448x1024.png 448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Key Control Points<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Citrate Synthesis (Step 1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Irreversible<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stimulated<\/strong> by ADP, NAD<sup>+<\/sup><\/li>\n<li><strong>Inhibited<\/strong> by NADH, succinyl CoA, citrate, ATP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (Step 2)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rate limiting step, irreversible<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stimulated<\/strong> by ADP, Ca<sup>2+<\/sup><\/li>\n<li><strong>Inhibited<\/strong> by ATP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u03b1-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (Step 3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Irreversible<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stimulated<\/strong> by Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>, NAD<sup>+<\/sup>\n<li><strong>Inhibited<\/strong> by succinyl-CoA, NADH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Tips and Reminders<\/h2>\n<p>Here&#8217;s a great mnemonic device for remembering the CAC substrates:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/files\/2021\/07\/CAC-substrates-tip.png\" alt=\"A Magoosh image with a mnemonic device for remembering the CAC substrates in the citric acid cycle\" width=\"274\" height=\"282\" class=\"center size-full wp-image-2505\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Also, as a reminder, the MCAT will not test on individual <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/mcat-enzymes\/\">enzymes<\/a> but major inputs, outputs, and regulatory enzymes. <\/p>\n<h2>A Final Word on MCAT Citric Acid Cycle Questions<\/h2>\n<p>Like with any of the processes tested on the Bio\/Biochem section of the MCAT, you&#8217;ll want to go beyond just <em>memorizing<\/em> steps, in favor of actually understanding <em>how mechanisms work with one another<\/em>. For the MCAT Krebs cycle, it helps to study the steps alongside a visual representation. <\/p>\n<p>Want more MCAT practice? Check out <a href=\"https:\/\/mcat.magoosh.com\/?utm_source=mcatblog&#038;utm_medium=blog&#038;utm_campaign=mcathome&#038;utm_term=inline&#038;utm_content=mcat-citric-acid-cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Magoosh&#8217;s MCAT prep<\/a>, including hundreds of lessons, practice questions, and more!<\/p>\n<p>Happy studying and good luck!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here&#8217;s everything you need to know to prepare for the MCAT citric acid cycle material, including the overall reaction and specific steps.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":218,"featured_media":2496,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[2332],"class_list":["post-2490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mcat-biology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - 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She has a BA from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and a Ph.D. in medical sociology from the University of California, San Francisco, where she earned the Distinguished Dissertation Award in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Kat has been teaching premed and nursing students since 2005 as a Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of San Francisco, Bowdoin, and the University of California, Berkeley, while collaborating on multiple research projects and publications. In addition to the MCAT, Kat has taught courses in Research Methods, Gender, Global and Environmental Health, and others. She is passionate about increasing the number of underrepresented minorities in medicine and helping students get into the medical schools of their dreams. You can join Kat on Instagram and YouTube.","sameAs":["https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=yAi12ZYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/magooshmcat\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCeSvixReLLS6squ5Adhe0wQ"],"honorificPrefix":"Dr.","honorificSuffix":"PhD","award":["Distinguished Dissertation Award in the Social and Behavioral Sciences (UCSF)"],"knowsAbout":["MCAT","Medical School","Medicine"],"jobTitle":"Senior Curriculum Manager, MCAT","worksFor":"Magoosh","url":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/author\/katthomson\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":2332,"user_id":218,"is_guest":0,"slug":"katthomson","display_name":"Kat Thomson","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3bcb9e462420967ce0b7d455661151fc7ec2fc9c42e06bf1f531c50bedf72a68?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"","last_name":"Thomson","first_name":"Kat","description":"Kat is the Senior Curriculum Manager at Magoosh with a specialty in the MCAT. She has a BA from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and a Ph.D. in medical sociology from the University of California, San Francisco, where she earned the Distinguished Dissertation Award in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Kat has been teaching premed and nursing students since 2005 as a Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of San Francisco, Bowdoin, and the University of California, Berkeley, while collaborating on multiple research projects and <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=yAi12ZYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">publications<\/a>.  In addition to the MCAT, Kat has taught courses in Research Methods, Gender, Global and Environmental Health, and others. She is passionate about increasing the number of underrepresented minorities in medicine and helping students get into the medical schools of their dreams. You can join Kat on  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/magooshmcat\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Instagram<\/a> and  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCeSvixReLLS6squ5Adhe0wQ\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube<\/a>."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/218"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2490"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2490\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2496"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2490"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/mcat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=2490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}