{"id":3844,"date":"2021-05-20T11:25:24","date_gmt":"2021-05-20T18:25:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/?p=3844"},"modified":"2021-05-20T14:13:12","modified_gmt":"2021-05-20T21:13:12","slug":"past-perfect-tense-how-and-when-to-use-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/past-perfect-tense-how-and-when-to-use-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Past Perfect Tense: How and When to Use It"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/files\/2021\/05\/501775040_orig.png\" alt=\"past perfect tense on a blackboard\" width=\"1200\" height=\"600\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3877\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/files\/2021\/05\/501775040_orig.png 1200w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/files\/2021\/05\/501775040_orig-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/files\/2021\/05\/501775040_orig-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/files\/2021\/05\/501775040_orig-768x384.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Today, we\u2019re going over how to form the <strong><em>past perfect tense<\/em><\/strong> and when to use it. For your reference, we\u2019re including examples and several tables, so be sure to bookmark this page if you\u2019re having trouble with this tense. For resources on all 12 verb tenses, visit our main article on <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/12-english-verb-tenses-all-forms-with-tables\/\">verb tenses<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Forming the Past Perfect Tense<\/h2>\n<p><strong><em>Quick Reference Table: The Past Perfect Tense in All forms<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>KEY<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V3 \u2192 The third form (Past Participle) of an irregular verb<\/p>\n<p>Ved \u2192 Past Participle form for regular verbs<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><em>Forms<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Formula<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>+<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Had + Ved\/V3<\/p>\n<p>I <strong><em>had worked<\/em><\/strong> yesterday before it happened.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>?<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Had + subject + Ved\/V3<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Had you worked<\/em><\/strong> before the incident?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Had + not + V3<\/p>\n<p>I <strong><em>had not worked<\/em><\/strong> recently. Then they scheduled too many hours.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The formula for writing the past perfect tense is: <strong><em>had + <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammar-monster.com\/glossary\/past_participles.htm\">past participle<\/a><\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In most situations, you\u2019ll form the past participle of a verb by adding -ed or -d to the end, but there are many <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gingersoftware.com\/content\/grammar-rules\/verbs\/list-of-irregular-verbs\/\">irregular verbs<\/a> in English.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>If I <strong>had talked<\/strong> to her before she left, we may not be in this situation.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>After my recital, I saw my parents <strong>had taken<\/strong> a lot of pictures.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>When the chaos settled, we noticed the man <strong>had stolen<\/strong> a hundred dollars from the register.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Making It Negative<\/h2>\n<p>To put the past perfect tense in a negative form, use this formula: <strong>Had + not + the past participle<\/strong>. The contraction <strong>hadn\u2019t<\/strong> is often used in this case.<\/p>\n<p>Examples<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You <strong><em>hadn\u2019t studied<\/em><\/strong> hair styling before you went to beauty school.<\/li>\n<li>I <strong><em>hadn\u2019t been<\/em><\/strong> to Florida before I visited Miami last year.<\/li>\n<li>We <strong><em>hadn\u2019t heard<\/em><\/strong> anything until she started screaming.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Asking a Question<\/h2>\n<p>When asking a question in the past perfect, use the formula: <strong>Had + subject + past participle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Had you seen<\/em><\/strong> the movie before we went last week?<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Had you studied<\/em><\/strong> French before you went to Paris?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>When To Apply the Past Perfect Tense<\/h2>\n<p>The past perfect tense isn\u2019t used as often as other tenses in casual conversation unless you constantly talk about past events. However, you could hear it a lot in a courtroom or arbitration.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Use #1<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>When describing something that happened before a certain point in the past.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I couldn\u2019t get through customs because I <strong><em>had lost<\/em><\/strong> my passport.<\/li>\n<li>Jerry was so upset at the time because he <strong><em>had lost<\/em><\/strong> his dog.<\/li>\n<li>She <strong><em>had not seen<\/em><\/strong> the documents because she was still in Mexico at the time.<\/li>\n<li>He <strong><em>had walked<\/em><\/strong> in that area many times before they destroyed the path.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Use #2<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>When speaking about something that happened with duration before something else that happened in the past.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Typically, you\u2019ll use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecenglish.com\/learnenglish\/lessons\/non-continuous-verbs\">non-continuous verbs<\/a> with this usage, but there are exceptions.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dad <strong><em>had used<\/em><\/strong> that lawnmower for 15 years before it finally broke down.<\/li>\n<li>They <strong><em>had feared<\/em><\/strong> the foreigners for decades until they finally sat down and had coffee together.<\/li>\n<li>They didn\u2019t want to upset their daughter with the news of the sale because they <strong><em>had owned<\/em><\/strong> the house for nearly 20 years.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>**NOTE**<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This note is in regard to specific time situations in the past perfect.<\/p>\n<p>Unlike the present perfect tense, if you specify a time for an action, you can still use the past perfect tense. However, this usage isn\u2019t common or even necessary in most situations.<\/p>\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>She <strong><em>had traveled<\/em><\/strong> to Spain once back in 2004 before she decided to move there in 2017.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the past perfect action happened at a specific moment in time, you could use either the <strong>simple past<\/strong> or the <strong>past perfect<\/strong> tense. Note that the word <em>\u2018before\u2019<\/em> or <em>\u2018after\u2019<\/em> is often used as a conjunction in these sentences.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>She <strong><em>had traveled<\/em><\/strong> to Spain once back in 2004 before she decided to move there in 2017. &#8211; <strong>Correct<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>She <strong><em>traveled<\/em><\/strong> to Spain once back in 2004 before she decided to move there in 2017. &#8211;<strong>Correct<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>But, if you aren\u2019t referring to a specific moment in time, don\u2019t use the simple past. In this case, you would revert to the past perfect.<\/p>\n<h2>When Not to Apply the Past Perfect Tense<\/h2>\n<p><strong><em>Answer: When you are NOT trying to make a sequence of events clear.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For example, if a friend asked you what you did after you found a large bag bag of money, he or she would be confused if you replied:<\/p>\n<p><em>I had returned the bag to its owner.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>When you use the past perfect, you imply that something happened next. But in this reply, there\u2019s nothing else said about what happened <strong>after<\/strong> the bag was returned. You don\u2019t always have to explicitly mention what else happened, but you need to make it clear through context.<\/p>\n<p>In this example, there is no context, so the past perfect tense makes no sense.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong><em>past perfect tense<\/em><\/strong> may not be used as often as other tenses, but it\u2019s very helpful when you want to reflect or speak about events of the past. Can you think of any other uses of this tense? Leave us a comment below!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article focuses on the past perfect tense, one of the 12 English verb tenses. Read on to learn how and when to use it!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":422,"featured_media":3810,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5072],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[5091],"class_list":["post-3844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english-learning"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Past Perfect Tense: How and When to Use It - Magoosh Blog \u2014 IELTS\u00ae Exam<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This article focuses on the past perfect tense, one of the 12 English verb tenses. 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In his time at Magoosh, he's worked with hundreds of students and has created content that's informed\u2014and hopefully inspired!\u2014ESL students all across the globe. Jake records audio for his articles to help students with pronunciation and comprehension as he also works as a voice-over artist who has been featured in commercials and on audiobooks. You can read his posts on the Magoosh blog and see his other work on his portfolio page at jakepool.net. You can follow him on LinkedIn!","sameAs":["http:\/\/jakepool.net","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/jakepoolwritereditor\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jakepoolwritereditor\/"],"knowsAbout":["ESL","Writing","English language learning"],"jobTitle":"Writer","worksFor":"Magoosh","url":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/author\/jakepool\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":5091,"user_id":422,"is_guest":0,"slug":"jakepool","display_name":"Jake Pool","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2925eae1b4baadeac6af6a893c3b76bc6da0c833e24f93551fe9640dd5899a40?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"http:\/\/jakepool.net","last_name":"Pool","first_name":"Jake","description":"Jake Pool worked in the restaurant industry for over a decade and left to pursue his career as a writer and ESL teacher. In his time at Magoosh, he's worked with hundreds of students and has created content that's informed\u2014and hopefully inspired!\u2014ESL students all across the globe. Jake records audio for his articles to help students with pronunciation and comprehension as he also works as a voice-over artist who has been featured in commercials and on audiobooks. You can read his posts on the Magoosh blog and see his other work on his portfolio page at <a href=\"http:\/\/jakepool.net\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">jakepool.net<\/a>. You can follow him on  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jakepoolwritereditor\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LinkedIn<\/a>!"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3844","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/422"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3844"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3844\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3810"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3844"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3844"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3844"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/ielts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3844"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}