An eponym is any word that is derived from a person\u2019s name.<\/p>\n
<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>In the past, I\u2019ve mentioned how English is the most promiscuous of languages, absorbing languages as unrelated as Sanskrit and Finnish into its bulging lexicon. By extension, I\u2019ve also mentioned how relying on Latin\/Greek roots can oftentimes cripple your word detective skills. Thwarting a root-based approach even more is the fact that English not only takes from any language it stumbles across, but that it blithely appropriates a person\u2019s name, trimming a few letters here and there (adding the Latin \u2013ian, or -esque for true mongrel effect), and then begetting a Franken-word that would confound a seasoned etymologist.<\/p>\n<p>Adapting a name in such a fashion results in an eponym. What makes eponyms fascinating\u2014and even more random\u2014is that just about anyone can bequeath the world his or her name: a fictional anti-hero who thought windmills were dragons; a jingoistic veteran of Napoleon\u2019s army; an author with a penchant for absurdity, and an aversion to bureaucracy.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, for GRE purposes we do not need to know that a jeroboam is a massive wine bottle named for an ancient Israeli king (who apparently was quite the wino). So I have culled from a list of eponyms those that may actually show up test day.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Mesmerize<\/h2>\n<p>Franz Mesmer, an Austrian physician prominent the turn of the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century, was renowned for hypnotizing people. His method included kneeling near a patient, touching his\/her knees and looking into the person\u2019s eyes (I\u2019m curious if he ever proposed to one of his clients).<\/p>\n<p>Today, we have the word mesmerize, which doesn\u2019t necessarily mean to hypnotize (though it could), but is used figuratively and means to hold spellbound.<\/p>\n<p><em>The plot and the characters were so well developed that many viewers were mesmerized, unable to move their eyes from the screen for even a single second. <\/em><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Gerrymander<\/h2>\n<p>No, this word does not pertain to a large salamander name Gerry \u2013 though I suppose it could. Gerrymander is actually far more interesting than that.<\/p>\n<p>Elbridge Gerry was the vice president of James Madison, the 4<sup>th<\/sup> president of the United States. Elbridge had an interesting idea. To get elected a president had to win a certain number of districts. So Elbridge came up with the following plan: if he partitioned a city in a certain way he could ensure that the president would win the majority of the votes from that district.<\/p>\n<p>The end result was a city that was split up into the oddest arrangement of districts. And can you guess what a map of the city, gerrymandered, looked like? Yep, a salamander.<\/p>\n<p>Today the use of gerrymander hasn\u2019t changed too much, and refers to the manipulation of boundaries to favor a certain group.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Hector<\/h2>\n<p>If you remember reading Homer\u2019s Iliad, you may remember Hector, a muscular, daunting force. (Some of you may more vividly recall Eric Bana from the movie Troy). As people were intimidated around Hector, it makes sense that the word hector means to bully or intimidate.<\/p>\n<p><em>The boss\u2019s hectoring manner put off many employees, some of whom quit as soon as they found a new job.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Pollyannaish<\/h2>\n<p>Like Hector, Pollyannaish comes from fiction. However, in this case we are dealing with a relatively recent work, that of Eleanor Porter, who came up with a character named Pollyanna. Pollyanna was extremely optimistic, and so it should be no surprise that Pollyannaish means extremely optimistic.<\/p>\n<p><em>Even in the midst of a lousy sales quarter, Debbie remained Pollyannaish, never losing her shrill voice and wide smile, even when people hung up on her.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Chauvinist<\/h2>\n<p>Many have heard this word, and some may even have a visceral reaction to the word. However, this word is actually misused. A chauvinist\u00a0is not a male who chugs beers, watches too much football, and demeans women. That would be a male chauvinist. So what is a chauvinist, unadorned by any adjective?<\/p>\n<p>Well, Nicolas Chauvin, a one-time recruit in Napoleon\u2019s army, used to go about town, thumping his chest about how great France was. In its modern day incantation, chauvinism means\u00a0<em>anyone who thinks that their group is better than anybody else\u2019s group<\/em>. You can have male chauvinists, political party chauvinists, and even female chauvinists.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Pyrrhic<\/h2>\n<p>King Pyrrhus had the unfortunate luck of going up against the Romans. Some would say that he was actually lucky in that he actually defeated the Romans in the Battle of Asculum. Pyrrhic was perhaps more ambivalent, quipping, \u201cOne more such victory will undo me.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>So\u00a0<em>any win that comes at so great a cost that it is not even worth<\/em>\u00a0it is a pyrrhic victory.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Kafkaesque<\/h2>\n<p>By day, Franz Kafka filed papers at an insurance office; by night, he churned out dark novels, which suggested that the quotidian world of the office was actually far more sinister. Mainly, his novels were known for the absurd predicaments of their main characters (who often went by nothing more than a single initial).<\/p>\n<p>Today, we have the word Kafkaesque, that refers to the\u00a0<em>absurdity we have to deal with living in a world of faceless bureaucracies<\/em>. So next time you are put on hold for three hours and then volleyed back in forth between a dozen monotone-voice employees, think to yourself, hey this is Kafkaesque.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Quixotic<\/h2>\n<p>Don Quixote is perhaps one of the most well known characters in all of literature. I suppose there is something heartbreaking yet comical at a man past his prime who believes he is on some great mission to save the world. In fact, Don Quixote was so far off his rocker that he thought windmills were dragons.<\/p>\n<p>As a word that means somebody who mistakes windmills for dragons would have a severely limited application, quixotic has taken the broader meaning of\u00a0<em>someone who is wildly idealistic<\/em>. It is one thing to want to help end world hunger; it is another to think you can do so on your own. The latter would be deemed quixotic.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Maudlin<\/h2>\n<p>Mary Madgalene was the most important female disciple of Jesus. After Jesus had been crucified, she wept at his tomb.<\/p>\n<p>From this outward outpouring of emotion, we today have the word maudlin. Whereas Mary\u2019s weeping was noble, maudlin has taken on a negative tinge. A person who is maudlin\u00a0<em>cries in public for no good reason<\/em>, and is oftentimes times used to describe one who\u2019s tried to finish a jeroboam alone, and now must share with the stranger sitting next to them all of his deepest feelings.<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>Panglossian<\/h2>\n<p>Interestingly, there is another eponym for literature that has a very similar meaning: Panglossian. Derived from Dr. Pangloss from Voltaire\u2019s Candide, Panglossian carries a negative connotation, implying blind optimism.<\/p>\n<p><em>Despite the fact that his country had been marred by a protracted civil war, Victor remained ever Panglossian, claiming that his homeland was living through a Golden Age.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Protean<\/h2>\n<p>Nope, I have not spelled protein incorrectly (don\u2019t worry\u2014carbohydrates will not show up next on the list!). Protean is an eponym derived from the Greek god Proteus, he who could change into shape or forms at will. To be protean, however, does not mean you wow party guests by shifting into various kinds of lawn furniture. The consummate adaptability implied by the word is used to describe a person\u2019s ability. So an actor, musician, or writer who is very versatile is protean.<\/p>\n<p><em>Peter Sellers was truly a protean actor\u2014in Doctor Strangelove he played three very different roles: a jingoist general, a sedate President and a deranged scientist.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Malapropism<\/h2>\n<p>This is definitely one of my favorite eponyms. While the provenance is nowhere nearly as interesting as those of other eponyms, the word perfectly describes a lapse that any of us is capable of making, especially those studying for the GRE.<\/p>\n<p>Ms. Malaprop was a character in a play\u00a0called <em>The Rivals<\/em>\u00a0by the largely forgotten Richard Brinsley Sheridan. She was known for mixing up similar sounding words, usually to comic effect.Indeed, she would utter the words with such complete aplomb that those listening were unsure if she\u2019d even mixed up words in the first place. Her favorite Spanish dance was the flamingo (note: the dance in question is the flamenco; a flamingo is a salmon-colored bird known both for its elegance and tackiness).<\/p>\n<p>GRE malapropisms aren\u2019t quite so silly as Ms. Malaprop mixing up a bird and a Spanish dance, but I\u2019ll do my best. See if you can spot the GRE malapropisms below.<\/p>\n<p><em>The graffiti artist was indicated for defecating the church with gang signs.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><\/em><em>Picasso was a protein artist, able to mix elements of African art with the oven guard.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Quisling<\/h2>\n<p>We\u2019ve all heard of the Nazis. Some of you may have even heard of the Vichy government, which was a puppet regime set up by the Nazis inFrance during WWII. Few of us, however, know that Germany also tried to turn Norway into a puppet regime. In order for Germany to take over Norway, it needed an inside man, a Norwegian who would sell his country out for the Nazis.<\/p>\n<p>This man was Viktor Quisling. For arrant perfidy, he has been awarded the eponym quisling, which means traitor.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Byzantine<\/h2>\n<p>Okay, I cheated a little on this one. Byzant was not a medieval philosopher (nor an industrious ant). The word \u2018byzantine\u2019 is not derived from a person\u2019s name, but from Byzantium, an ancient city that was part of the Byzantine Empire (the word can also refer to the empire itself). Specifically, Byzantium was known for the intricate patterns adorning its architecture. Bulbous domed turrets were emblazoned with ornate latticing (think of the towers on a Russia church).<\/p>\n<p>The modern usage of byzantine refers not to architecture per se, but to anything that is extremely intricate and complex. It actually carries a negative connotation.<\/p>\n<p><em>Getting a driver\u2019s license is not simply a matter of taking a test; the regulations and procedures are so byzantine that many have find themselves at the mercy of the DMV.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h2>Galvanize<\/h2>\n<p>Like many late 18<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0Century scientists, Luigi Galvani was fascinated with electricity (you may recall a certain Ben Franklin who had a similar penchant). Galvani\u2019s breakthrough came a little more serendipitously than playing with metal in lightning storms\u2014he noticed that an electric current passing through a dead frog\u2019s legs made those legs twitch. This observation sparked\u2014pardon the pun\u2014a series of connections: could it be that electric shock could cause muscles to twitch?<\/p>\n<p>Today, galvanize can mean to shock but in a different sense than through raw electricity. To galvanize is to shock or urge somebody\/something into action.<\/p>\n<p><em>The colonel\u2019s speech galvanized the troops, who had all but given up.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An eponym is any word that is derived from a person\u2019s name. In the past, I\u2019ve mentioned how English is the most promiscuous of languages, absorbing languages as unrelated as Sanskrit and Finnish into its bulging lexicon. By extension, I\u2019ve also mentioned how relying on Latin\/Greek roots can oftentimes cripple your word detective skills. Thwarting […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,27],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[12264],"class_list":["post-9680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-verbal","category-vocabulary"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>GRE Eponyms - Magoosh Blog \u2014 GRE\u00ae Test<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn more about eponyms, or words derived from a person\u2019s name, with examples in this post by Magoosh\u2019s Chris Lele.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/gre-eponyms\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GRE Eponyms\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn more about eponyms, or words derived from a person\u2019s name, with examples in this post by Magoosh\u2019s Chris Lele.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/gre-eponyms\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Magoosh Blog \u2014 GRE\u00ae Test\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Magoosh\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ChrisLeleMagoosh1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-04-04T17:28:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2014-04-07T17:29:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/files\/2016\/09\/Magoosh-Facebook-Default-Pic.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"628\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Chris Lele\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@chrismagoosh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@MagooshGRE\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Chris Lele\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/gre-eponyms\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/gre-eponyms\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Chris Lele\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/#\/schema\/person\/3b6630b4f786513b81a860849cffd546\"},\"headline\":\"GRE Eponyms\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-04-04T17:28:14+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/gre-eponyms\/\"},\"wordCount\":1820,\"commentCount\":25,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"GRE Verbal\",\"GRE Vocabulary\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/gre-eponyms\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gre\/gre-eponyms\/\",\"name\":\"GRE Eponyms - 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