{"id":786,"date":"2012-02-01T14:10:04","date_gmt":"2012-02-01T22:10:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/?p=786"},"modified":"2020-01-15T10:50:58","modified_gmt":"2020-01-15T18:50:58","slug":"gmat-reading-comprehension-questions-making-observations-vs-inferences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-reading-comprehension-questions-making-observations-vs-inferences\/","title":{"rendered":"GMAT Reading Comprehension Questions: Making Observations vs. Inferences"},"content":{"rendered":"

Consider the difference between these two seemingly similar questions:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1) According to the passage<\/span>, Company X’s revenue has declined over the past five years because of<\/strong><\/p>\n

(A) the advent of new competitors with a technological edge<\/p>\n

(B) the rising cost of raw materials<\/p>\n

(C) gross misspending at the managerial level<\/p>\n

(D) a combination of rising taxes and fees<\/p>\n

(E) the public’s declining interest in this particular product.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2)\u00a0 The passage implies<\/span> that Company X’s revenue has declined over the past five years because of<\/strong><\/p>\n

(A) the advent of new competitors with a technological edge<\/p>\n

(B) the rising cost of raw materials<\/p>\n

(C) gross misspending at the managerial level<\/p>\n

(D) a combination of rising taxes and fees<\/p>\n

(E) the public’s declining interest in this particular product.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Obviously, we can’t actually answer either of these, because we don’t have a passage here.\u00a0\u00a0 The point is to discuss strategy.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Questions About What is Said<\/em><\/h2>\n

The GMAT Reading Comprehension<\/a> will ask you global questions (i.e. about the whole passage) and specific questions (focusing in one line or one detail).\u00a0 Some specific questions — in fact, perhaps the single most common question — contains words like “According to the author . . .” or “According to the passage . . .”These are questions asking you for what the author actually<\/span> and literally<\/span> said.\u00a0 For example, if one sentence in the hypothetical passage says: “Although Company X had been a model of efficiency for decades, its revenues after 2002 fell as new competitors, armed with the latest digital technology, claimed ever greater portions of the available market.”\u00a0 Here we have a sentence that literally says “revenues . . . fell” (i.e. a decline in revenue), and explicitly states the problem is competitors with better technology.\u00a0 BAM!\u00a0 Question #1 has answer A.\u00a0 It’s stated in black-and-white.<\/p>\n

That’s precisely what we are seeking in this Reading Comprehension question type.\u00a0 When you see “according to the passage”, you are not<\/span> speculating or connecting the dots for yourself.\u00a0 Rather, you are looking for what explicitly appears, in black and white, often in very much the same wording, in the passage itself.\u00a0 What is actually, literally stated in the passage?\u00a0 That should be the focus on these Reading Comprehension questions.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Questions about What is Implied<\/em><\/h2>\n

The GMAT will also ask specific question about Reading Comprehension passages along the following lines: “The passage implies that…”\u00a0 “It can be inferred from the passage that…”\u00a0 These questions are asking you for something not<\/em> literally stated.\u00a0 Be careful here.\u00a0 You will never be asked to make large logical leaps.\u00a0 You will never be asked to bring in your own knowledge of a particular field.\u00a0 What you will be asked to infer will something unsaid but obvious to any intelligent person<\/em>.<\/p>\n

For example, consider the sentence: “From selling the number one brand in the late 1950s, the company declined in both market shares and revenues, finally filing for bankruptcy in 1970.”\u00a0 One clear implication would be simply: that company’s product was not the number one brand throughout the 1960s.\u00a0 While this is not explicitly stated, it would be impossible for the explicit sentence to make sense at all if this implication weren’t true.\u00a0\u00a0 That’s the kind of deduction the GMAT will ask you to make.<\/p>\n

The tricky thing is: what is implied in Reading Comprehension is not always located in a single sentence.\u00a0 Sometimes, you the reader must contrast or combine a fact from one paragraph with another fact from another paragraph.\u00a0 The idea is similar though: putting these two ideas together, what would any obvious person conclude? That’s the sort of implication the GMAT will ask you to find.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Now, consider question #2 again:<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0 The author implies that Company X’s revenue has declined over the past five years because of<\/p>\n

(A) the advent of new competitors with a technological edge<\/p>\n

(B) the rising cost of raw materials<\/p>\n

(C) gross misspending at the managerial level<\/p>\n

(D) a combination of rising taxes and fees<\/p>\n

(E) the public’s declining interest in this particular product.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Suppose the hypothetical passage has these following unconnected sentences (paragraphs given in parentheses).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(Par #1) “As the Eastern Bloc cut off economic access to these resources, all companies in the field faced soaring prices for the raw materials.”<\/p>\n

(Par #2) “In the early 1970s, Company X’s upper management made several disastrous economic moves, repeatedly pouring tremendous amount of capital into research areas that scientists has already declared futile.”<\/p>\n

(Par #3) “In the late 1970s, amid the ravages of run-away inflation and increasingly fickle consumer preferences, only those companies buffered by years of wise leadership were able to prevent their revenues from falling off in the crisis of those years.”<\/p>\n

A few of the ideas in the answer choices are mentioned (“rising cost of new materials”, “the public’s declining interest”), but they are mentioned in context applying to all companies in the field.\u00a0 In paragraph 3, the passage explicitly links “only . . . wise leadership” with “prevent . . .\u00a0 revenues from falling.”\u00a0 That does directly imply: companies with poor<\/em> leadership did<\/em> see their revenues fall.\u00a0 The sentence in paragraph 2 gives us specific evidence of bad leadership at Company X, bad leadership in the form of poor spending decisions of considerable magnitude.\u00a0 Therefore, the direct unambiguous implication is that Company X’s revenues declined due to (C) gross misspending at the managerial level.<\/p>\n

Not explicitly said, but what any intelligent person unambiguously would infer–that’s exactly the level of inference for which you are looking on these questions.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Here are two GMAT Reading Comprehension questions from a passage about Reptiles, one of each genre discussed above:<\/p>\n

Practice an “According to the passage…” question<\/a><\/p>\n

Practice an “It can be inferred from the passage….” question<\/a><\/p>\n

Let me know if my tips helped you figure out how to tackle each question type.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Consider the difference between these two seemingly similar questions:   1) According to the passage, Company X’s revenue has declined over the past five years because of (A) the advent of new competitors with a technological edge (B) the rising cost of raw materials (C) gross misspending at the managerial level (D) a combination of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[122],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[13209],"class_list":["post-786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-reading-comprehension"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGMAT Reading Comprehension Questions: Making Observations vs. Inferences - Magoosh Blog \u2014 GMAT\u00ae Exam<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-reading-comprehension-questions-making-observations-vs-inferences\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GMAT Reading Comprehension Questions: Making Observations vs. Inferences\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Consider the difference between these two seemingly similar questions:   1) According to the passage, Company X’s revenue has declined over the past five years because of (A) the advent of new competitors with a technological edge (B) the rising cost of raw materials (C) gross misspending at the managerial level (D) a combination of […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-reading-comprehension-questions-making-observations-vs-inferences\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Magoosh Blog \u2014 GMAT\u00ae Exam\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MagooshGMAT\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-02-01T22:10:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-01-15T18:50:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mike M\u1d9cGarry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@MagooshGMAT\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@MagooshGMAT\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mike M\u1d9cGarry\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-reading-comprehension-questions-making-observations-vs-inferences\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-reading-comprehension-questions-making-observations-vs-inferences\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Mike M\u1d9cGarry\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/#\/schema\/person\/320346c205075513344435baf9b0521b\"},\"headline\":\"GMAT Reading Comprehension Questions: Making Observations vs. Inferences\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-02-01T22:10:04+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-reading-comprehension-questions-making-observations-vs-inferences\/\"},\"wordCount\":976,\"commentCount\":2,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"GMAT Reading Comprehension\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-reading-comprehension-questions-making-observations-vs-inferences\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-reading-comprehension-questions-making-observations-vs-inferences\/\",\"name\":\"GMAT Reading Comprehension Questions: Making Observations vs. Inferences - 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Beyond standardized testing, Mike has over 20 years of both private and public high school teaching experience specializing in math and physics. In his free time, Mike likes smashing foosballs into orbit, and despite having no obvious cranial deficiency, he insists on rooting for the NY Mets. Learn more about the GMAT through Mike's Youtube video explanations.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/MagooshGMATChannel\/featured"],"award":["Magna cum laude from Harvard"],"knowsAbout":["GMAT"],"knowsLanguage":["English"],"jobTitle":"Content Creator","worksFor":"Magoosh","url":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/author\/mikemcgarry\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":13209,"user_id":26,"is_guest":0,"slug":"mikemcgarry","display_name":"Mike M\u1d9cGarry","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6b06de81592cd77bb46aa560cc59aee179cba4d042835c3529221ea1b344cce0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"","last_name":"M\u1d9cGarry","first_name":"Mike","description":"Mike served as a GMAT Expert at Magoosh, helping create hundreds of lesson videos and practice questions to help guide GMAT students to success. He was also featured as \"member of the month\" for over two years at <a href=\"https:\/\/gmatclub.com\/blog\/2012\/09\/mike-mcgarrys-gmat-experience\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT Club<\/a>. Mike holds an A.B. in Physics (graduating <em>magna cum laude<\/em>) and an M.T.S. in Religions of the World, both from Harvard. Beyond standardized testing, Mike has over 20 years of both private and public high school teaching experience specializing in math and physics. In his free time, Mike likes smashing foosballs into orbit, and despite having no obvious cranial deficiency, he insists on rooting for the NY Mets. Learn more about the GMAT through Mike's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/MagooshGMATChannel\/featured\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Youtube <\/a>video explanations and resources like <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/whats-a-good-gmat-score\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">What is a Good GMAT Score?<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-diagnostic-test\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT Diagnostic Test<\/a>."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/786","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=786"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/786\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=786"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=786"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=786"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=786"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}