{"id":3973,"date":"2013-10-02T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-10-02T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/?p=3973"},"modified":"2014-05-07T14:08:41","modified_gmt":"2014-05-07T21:08:41","slug":"assumptions-and-the-negation-test-on-the-gmat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/assumptions-and-the-negation-test-on-the-gmat\/","title":{"rendered":"Assumptions and the Negation Test on the GMAT"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

First, a GMAT Critical Reasoning practice question.<\/p>\n

1) The Spotted Mole is a rodent that burrows underground and eats all forms of vegetable matter.\u00a0\u00a0 Farmers are concerned that this mole could eat some of their commercial fruits, planted in above-ground planters and bins.\u00a0\u00a0 The farmers need not worry about the Mole, though, because throughout the region in which the Spotted Mole is found, birds of prey such as hawks and falcons are active, and these birds would prey upon the Spotted Mole if the mole came above ground at all.\u00a0 Therefore, the Spotted Mole poses no threat to these totally above-ground fruits.<\/p>\n

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?<\/p>\n

(A) The birds of prey capture and kill every single Spotted Mole that comes above ground.<\/p>\n

(B) Some land-based mammals active in this region, such as fox, will also hunt and eat the Spotted Mole on a regular basis.<\/p>\n

(C) No other animal could pose as significant a threat to the above-ground fruits as could the Spotted Mole.<\/p>\n

(D) The times of day the Spotted Mole feeds are the same as the times of day that the birds of prey are in the air.<\/p>\n

(E) Larger burrowing mammals, such as badgers or weasels, can dig up the burrows of the Spotted Mole, endangering those that remain underground.<\/p>\n

An explanation will follow this article.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Finding the assumption<\/h2>\n

In the next section, I will talk about the Negation Test for verifying that a statement is an assumption of the argument, but first I want to dispel any idea that the Negation Test is the only way to find an assumption<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0 There’s a much more basic approach, which I will call the “Bridge” Approach to finding assumption.\u00a0 Suppose we had the following nonsense CR argument:<\/p>\n

2) Blah blah blah blah blah blah both P and Q.\u00a0 Blah blah blah P more than Q blah blah.\u00a0\u00a0 Blah blah blah Q instead of P blah blah.\u00a0 Therfore, blah blah T<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?\u00a0 <\/i><\/p>\n

A. Blah blah blah P or Q blah blah<\/i><\/p>\n

B. Blah blah blab Q instead of P<\/i><\/p>\n

C. Blah blah P and Q blah blah T<\/i><\/p>\n

D. Blah blah blah W and T<\/i><\/p>\n

E. Blah blah blah without any T<\/i><\/p>\n

All the premises of the argument were discussing P & Q, and then suddenly the conclusion leaps to something completely different, T.\u00a0 Clearly, the assumption of the argument must be something that links, that creates a bridge between (P + Q) and T.\u00a0\u00a0 Without knowing any of the details of this argument or even what P & Q & T even are, it seems likely that (C) is the answer to the nonsense question, because it is the only one that simultaneously mentions both P + Q and T.<\/p>\n

This was a little extreme, but many GMAT CR arguments have premises discussing one topic, and then they make a significant leap to a related but different topic, and of course, the assumption is what bridges the premise-topics and the conclusion-topic.\u00a0\u00a0 This does not work for all CR assumption questions, but when it does work, it is a lightning fast approach to these questions.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Negation Test<\/h2>\n

This test always works, and it always a good way to verify an assumption.\u00a0\u00a0 Here’s the rule:<\/p>\n

If you negate a statement, and it’s still possible to imagine that the conclusion is still true even with this negated statement, then that original statement is definitely not an assumption of the argument.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/p>\n

If you negate a statement, and this negated statement is a devastating objection which shatters the argument and makes the conclusion untenable, then that original statement is an assumption of the argument.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/p>\n

Here’s a super-simple argument, with only three answer choices:<\/p>\n

3) Alex likes this movie.\u00a0 Therefore, Betty will like it.\u00a0 <\/i><\/p>\n

Find the assumption of the argument<\/i><\/p>\n

A. Both Alex & Betty liked the same movie last year<\/i><\/p>\n

B. Carla didn’t like this movie, and last year, she & Betty liked the same movie.<\/i><\/p>\n

C. Betty likes the movies that Alex likes. <\/i><\/p>\n

This is supposed to be a very easy question.\u00a0 We want the assumption, so let’s just apply the Negation Test to all three answers:<\/p>\n

The negation of (A)<\/b>: Alex & Betty didn’t like the same movie last year<\/i> —- a vaguely weakening objection, but that was last year, and this is this year: what Betty likes now might be the same as what Alex likes now.\u00a0 It’s at least conceivable that the negation of (A<\/b>) could be true and yet the conclusion to this argument would hold.\u00a0\u00a0 Therefore, (A)<\/b> is not an assumption of the argument.<\/p>\n

The negation of (B)<\/b>: Carla liked this movie, and last year, she & Betty liked the same movie.<\/i> OR Carla didn’t like this movie, and last year, she & Betty didn’t liked the same movie.<\/i>\u00a0 —- Either way, this answer just introduces the variable of another person.\u00a0 We don’t know how fickle Carla is, and whether her taste overlaps in any meaningful or consistent way with Betty’s.\u00a0 Therefore, it is possible that either of these negations could be true and the conclusion would still hold.\u00a0\u00a0 Therefore, (B)<\/b> is not an assumption of the argument.<\/p>\n

The negation of (C)<\/b>: Betty doesn’t like the movies that Alex likes.<\/i> —- Hmm, if this is true, and if Alex likes this movie, it seems necessarily to imply that Betty won’t like this movie!\u00a0 This directly contradicts the conclusion of the argument.\u00a0\u00a0 Negating (C)<\/b> absolutely torpedoes this argument, so (C)<\/b> must be an assumption.<\/p>\n

BTW, notice that choice (A)<\/b> constitutes anecdotal data: this can never be an assumption. Notice that the original argument has the strange logical jump from what Alex likes to what Betty likes, so using the Bridge Approach, one might have zeroed in on the correct assumption even before applying the Negation Test.\u00a0 Nevertheless, the Negation Test always works, so it’s always a good test of an assumption.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Summary<\/h2>\n

If any ideas in this post were new to you, you may want to give that argument at the top a second look before reading the solution below.\u00a0 Here’s another GMAT CR Assumption practice question:<\/p>\n

4) http:\/\/gmat.magoosh.com\/questions\/3113<\/a><\/p>\n

If you have anything you would like to share, let us know in the comments section below.<\/p>\n

\"aatntotg_img1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Solution to the practice question<\/h2>\n

1) This is a question on which the Bridge Approach is not necessarily particularly fruitful.\u00a0\u00a0 We will use the Negation Test on each answer choice.<\/p>\n

(A)<\/b> The negation of an “every” statement, “not every”, is not necessarily a “none” statement — “not every” could mean “none” or “a few” or “some” or even “most, but not all”.\u00a0\u00a0 Therefore, the negation of (A)<\/b> could be:<\/p>\n

The birds of prey capture and kill most, but not all, Spotted Moles that come above ground<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Suppose the birds of prey kill 99% of the Spotted Moles that come above ground, and leave only the small and weak 1%.\u00a0 Well, this small and weak remnant is not going to pose a serious threat to the potted fruits, so it’s possible to imagine the conclusion works even when we negate this statement.\u00a0\u00a0 This is not<\/span> an assumption.<\/p>\n

(B) <\/b>The opposite of “some” is “none”.\u00a0 Suppose it’s true that “No land-based mammals active in this region will hunt and eat the Spotted Mole on a regular basis<\/i>.”\u00a0 OK, well it’s still possible that the birds of prey will keep the Spotted Moles in check.\u00a0 It’s possible to imagine the conclusion works even when we negate this statement.\u00a0\u00a0 This is not<\/span> an assumption.<\/p>\n

(C)<\/b> Suppose it’s true that “Other animal do pose as significant a threat to the above-ground fruits as could the Spotted Mole<\/i>.”\u00a0 Well, that wouldn’t work out so well for the farmers, but this argument is specifically about the threat posed by the Spotted Mole.\u00a0 Whether other animals are simultaneously posing a threat to the fruit is irrelevant to evaluating how much of a threat the Spotted Moles pose.\u00a0\u00a0 It’s possible to imagine the conclusion works even when we negate this statement.\u00a0\u00a0 This is not<\/span> an assumption.<\/p>\n

(D)<\/b> Suppose it’s true that: “The times of day the Spotted Mole feeds are different from the times of day that the birds are prey are in the air<\/i>.”\u00a0 Wait a moment!\u00a0 If the Spotted Moles go above ground to feed at times when the birds of prey are not in the air, then the birds of prey would not be around to capture them, and therefore there would be no impediment to the Spotted Moles munching away on those above-ground fruits.\u00a0 Negating this statement devastates the argument.\u00a0 That’s indicates that this statement is an assumption.<\/p>\n

(E) <\/b>Suppose it’s true that: “Larger burrowing mammals don’t dig up the burrows of the Spotted Mole, and don’t endanger those that remain underground<\/i>.”\u00a0 Well, this means that he Spotted Moles that stay underground would be perfectly safe.\u00a0 But the argument is about what happens when these Moles go above ground, and if the birds of prey are still holding them in check when they try to go above ground, then the potted fruit is still safe from them.\u00a0 It’s possible to imagine the conclusion works even when we negate this statement.\u00a0\u00a0 This is not<\/span> an assumption.<\/p>\n

We are looking for an assumption, so (D)<\/b> must be the answer.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

First, a GMAT Critical Reasoning practice question. 1) The Spotted Mole is a rodent that burrows underground and eats all forms of vegetable matter.\u00a0\u00a0 Farmers are concerned that this mole could eat some of their commercial fruits, planted in above-ground planters and bins.\u00a0\u00a0 The farmers need not worry about the Mole, though, because throughout the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[143],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[13209],"class_list":["post-3973","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-critical-reasoning"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAssumptions and Negation Test-GMAT | Magoosh Study Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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Learn more about the GMAT through Mike's Youtube video explanations.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/MagooshGMATChannel\/featured"],"award":["Magna cum laude from Harvard"],"knowsAbout":["GMAT"],"knowsLanguage":["English"],"jobTitle":"Content Creator","worksFor":"Magoosh","url":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/author\/mikemcgarry\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":13209,"user_id":26,"is_guest":0,"slug":"mikemcgarry","display_name":"Mike M\u1d9cGarry","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6b06de81592cd77bb46aa560cc59aee179cba4d042835c3529221ea1b344cce0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"","last_name":"M\u1d9cGarry","first_name":"Mike","description":"Mike served as a GMAT Expert at Magoosh, helping create hundreds of lesson videos and practice questions to help guide GMAT students to success. He was also featured as \"member of the month\" for over two years at <a href=\"https:\/\/gmatclub.com\/blog\/2012\/09\/mike-mcgarrys-gmat-experience\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT Club<\/a>. Mike holds an A.B. in Physics (graduating <em>magna cum laude<\/em>) and an M.T.S. in Religions of the World, both from Harvard. Beyond standardized testing, Mike has over 20 years of both private and public high school teaching experience specializing in math and physics. In his free time, Mike likes smashing foosballs into orbit, and despite having no obvious cranial deficiency, he insists on rooting for the NY Mets. Learn more about the GMAT through Mike's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/MagooshGMATChannel\/featured\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Youtube <\/a>video explanations and resources like <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/whats-a-good-gmat-score\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">What is a Good GMAT Score?<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-diagnostic-test\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT Diagnostic Test<\/a>."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3973","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3973"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3973\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3973"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3973"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3973"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3973"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}