{"id":3767,"date":"2013-07-15T08:57:37","date_gmt":"2013-07-15T15:57:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/?p=3767"},"modified":"2020-01-15T10:49:01","modified_gmt":"2020-01-15T18:49:01","slug":"gmat-cr-strengthen-the-argument","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-cr-strengthen-the-argument\/","title":{"rendered":"GMAT CR: Strengthen the Argument"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>First of all, a few practice <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/introduction-to-gmat-critical-reasoning\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">GMAT Critical Reasoning<\/a> questions of this particular genre.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2019\/10\/GMAT-Strengthen-the-Argument.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"600\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8812\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1) Studies have shown that highway drivers are less likely to drive at speeds greater than the posted speed limit if houses or buildings are in some way visible from the road.\u00a0 Assuming similar car, road and traffic conditions, highway drivers are more likely to drive at speeds in excess of the posted speed limit if the natural surroundings are not interrupted by buildings.\u00a0 Psychologists hypothesize that seeing signs of civilization reminds drivers of their responsibility to the safety of their fellow humans, thus making them more likely to obey the posted speed limit.<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists&#8217; interpretation of the study?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(A) People who live in sparsely populated areas are more likely to buy cars that can drive well in excess of any speed limit.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(B) Highway drivers passing a large plowed and cultivated field are more likely to obey the speed limit than those passing large field of wild flowers.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(C) Traffic tends to be more congested around towns and cities.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(D) Drivers are equally likely to obey the speed limit whether driving past a town with or without tall buildings.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>(E) Highway police officers are more densely located close to towns and cities, and therefore most citations for speeding are issued in these locations.<\/ul>\n<p>2) Bottom trawling is a type of deep-sea fishing that involves dragging a large net along the bottom of the ocean, and it results in catching and killing many unintended species, some of which are endangered.\u00a0 Environmental advocates, concerned for these endangered marine species, have recommended that commercial fishers use a new set of nets, each designed specifically for the size and shape and pheromones (chemical attractors) of an individual marine species targeted by the commercial fishers.\u00a0 Environmentalists hope use of these new nets will protect the endangered marine species without interrupting commercial deep-sea fishing.<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the claim that the use of the new nets will have the intended effects?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(A) The pheromones that would most attract the food species sought by commercial fishers indicate the presence of a dangerous threat to most of the endangered marine species<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(B) Some endangered marine species are particularly large, as large any species targeted by commercial deep-sea fishing.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(C) Most of the newly designed nets are not significantly more expensive than a typical bottom trawling system.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(D) Catching unintended, endangered species adds nothing to the profits of a commercial deep-sea fishing company.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>(E) Freshwater fishers often increase the odds of catching a desired fish, and avoid catching unintended species, by the specific design of the fishing hook.<\/ul>\n<p>3) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Baseball Analyst<\/span>: Since the 2000 season, the average number of strikeouts per player has dramatically increased in Major League Baseball.\u00a0 The 2011 and 2012 seasons have the highest averages on record.\u00a0 Some writers have argue that batters, trying to hit homeruns at the same elevated rate at which they were hit in the &#8220;steroid&#8221; era, are taking increasingly larger swings, making them that much more vulnerable to striking out.\u00a0 But the real reason is enhanced video review.\u00a0 Pitchers are not necessarily any more talented than in the past, but they all watch video on each and every batter, studying his unique weaknesses, and, well-informed, are better able to exploit those weaknesses in game situations, even weaknesses of those batters with more compact swings.<\/p>\n<p>Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the baseball analyst&#8217;s argument?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(A) Both the total number of homeruns and the average number of homeruns per batter have decreased steadily since 2000.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(B) Batters who hit more singles and have shorter swings strike out, on average, far less than the power hitters who are trying to hit homeruns.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(C) Baseball bats now, on average, are much lighter and easier to swing fast than were bats of fifty years ago.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>(D) Most batters also watch video of each and every pitcher, learning to detect what pitches he throws and how he releases each pitch.<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>(E) Catchers and pitching coaches watch the same video that pitchers watch, and they are in a position to advise pitchers on different batters throughout the game.<\/ul>\n<p>Explanations will follow this article.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Arguments<\/h2>\n<p>First of all, let&#8217;s review how <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-cr-assumption-questions\/\">an argument<\/a> is constructed.\u00a0 The goal of any argument is to get you to believe something or agree with something &#8212; that &#8220;something&#8221; is called the <b>conclusion<\/b> of the argument.\u00a0 Most of the time, an argument cites one or more <b>premises<\/b>, that is, evidence that supports the conclusion.\u00a0 Often, between the premises and the conclusions, there&#8217;s an unstated logical link: the <b>assumption<\/b> of the argument.<\/p>\n<p>Consider this not-so-good argument.<\/p>\n<p><i>I think <\/i><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>San Francisco<\/i><\/a><i> is the most beautiful city in the US.\u00a0 It is set in the middle of a beautiful natural setting.\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The conclusion, what the author wants us to believe, is the first sentence.\u00a0 (I actually do believe this!)\u00a0 The second sentence is premise, or evidence.\u00a0 What links those two? Well, some possible assumptions are<\/p>\n<p>a. <i>No other US city is set in the middle of a beautiful natural setting<\/i> (not at all plausible \u2026)<\/p>\n<p>b. <i>No other US city is set in the middle of a natural setting quite as beautiful <\/i>(slightly more plausible, but still not very defensible \u2026)<\/p>\n<p>c. <i>Natural settings are the primary criterion for judging the beauty of a city<\/i> (debatable, but at least defensible, unlike the other two!)<\/p>\n<p>As much as I agree with this conclusion, I readily admit that a considerably stronger argument would be required to persuade someone who was at all skeptical.\u00a0 Ultimately, this is not the best ground one which to argue at all, because as the old phrase tells us: <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_gustibus_non_est_disputandum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>de gustibus non est disputandum<\/i><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Strengthening an argument<\/h2>\n<p>Roughly, there are four broad approaches to strengthening an argument.<\/p>\n<p>A. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Strengthen the premises<\/span>: either provide direct support to one of the premises of the argument, or add new premises that independently support the conclusion<\/p>\n<p>B. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Strengthen the assumption<\/span>: directly affirm the truth of an assumption of the argument, or provide evidence or support for an assumption.<\/p>\n<p>C. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Strengthen the conclusion<\/span>: provide some kind of alternate support of, direct measurement of, or independent confirmation of the conclusion<\/p>\n<p>D. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Weaken an objection<\/span>: use any of the <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/how-to-weaken-an-argument-in-gmat-critical-reasoning\/\">weakening techniques<\/a> on an implicit or explicit objection to the argument.<\/p>\n<p>This last approach requires some comment.\u00a0 Some GMAT CR arguments involve more than one voice, one &#8220;pro&#8221; something and one &#8220;con&#8221; something, so whatever the conclusion is, the other voice represents an objection, and usually weakening this explicitly stated objection will further strengthen the main argument.\u00a0\u00a0 In much rarer cases, there&#8217;s a relatively obvious objection to the argument, not explicitly stated, but if it is pointed out, then weakening it would strengthen the main argument.\u00a0 For example, one vigorously potent objection to the San Francisco argument above would be &#8220;<i>What about <\/i><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portland,_Oregon\"><i>Portland, OR<\/i><\/a>?&#8221;\u00a0 Citing this other spectacularly beautiful American city would clearly challenge the conclusion that SF is uniquely the most beautiful, so a strengthener for the SF argument could be of the form &#8220;<i>Portland, OR, is not the most beautiful in the US because blah blah blah<\/i>&#8221; or &#8220;<i>SF is even more beautiful than Portland, OR because blah blah blah<\/i>&#8220;.\u00a0 Even though Portland is not mentioned explicitly in the argument, seeing it mentioned this way among the answer choices would both make us aware of the objection and provide a weakener to it, thus strengthening the argument.\u00a0 (BTW, notice that I actually can provide no concrete reasons at all for denigrating in any way the wonderfully weird city to our north: <i>de gustibus non est disputandum<\/i>.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>More on voices<\/h2>\n<p>The GMAT loves to give us Critical Reasoning arguments with more than one voice, more than one view.\u00a0 <i>A says: B explains X by P and Q, but the real reason for X is not P and Q but R and S<\/i>.\u00a0 Make sure when you have to strengthen an argument, you are strengthening the argument of the speaker or narrator, not of someone else cited in the course of the argument.\u00a0 For example, in the third question, the Baseball Analyst cites an alternative view before presenting her own view.\u00a0 Tempting wrong answers will strengthen the view she cites, rather than her own view.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>General considerations<\/h2>\n<p>As always, on GMAT CR, read carefully: very precise stipulations in the prompt can make the difference between a powerful strengthener vs. something that&#8217;s totally irrelevant.\u00a0 As always, beware of answers that do the opposite: for example, when you are asked for a strengthener, at least one of the answers is usually a weakener.\u00a0 As always, don&#8217;t be tied to literalism: GMAT CR is about logic, and something may resonate with the logic of the argument even if it uses different words to state an idea than does the prompt.\u00a0 Do what you can to anticipate types of strengtheners, but always be ready for an out-of-the-box consideration, something you weren&#8217;t expecting, weren&#8217;t looking for, but which works better as a strengthener than any of the other answer choices.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>If you had any insights while reading this blog, you may want to revisit the practice questions at the top before reading the solutions below.\u00a0 If you have any thoughts or questions, please let us know in the comment sections at the bottom of this page.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/07\/sta_img1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3768\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/07\/sta_img1.jpg\" alt=\"sta_img1\" width=\"601\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/07\/sta_img1.jpg 1430w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/07\/sta_img1-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/07\/sta_img1-1024x722.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Practice Problem Solutions<\/h2>\n<p>1) The credited answer is <b>(B)<\/b>.\u00a0 If signs of civilization make highway drivers more likely to obey the speed limit, then <b>(B)<\/b> provides further.\u00a0 A plowed field, unlike a field of wild flowers is evidence of civilization, and if also this causes drivers to obey the speed limit, that&#8217;s independent confirmation for the psychologist argument, a good strengthener.<\/p>\n<p>The argument explicitly says it is equalizing for car &amp; road &amp; traffic conditions, so that nullifies choices <b>(A)<\/b> &amp; <b>(C)<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Choice <b>(D)<\/b> cites the heights of buildings, which is irrelevant, not cited in the argument and not pertinent to its logic.<\/p>\n<p>Choice <b>(E)<\/b> is a weakener: if obeying the speed around towns has to do with traffic cops, then that&#8217;s an alternative explanation for the evidence, which takes away credibility from the psychologist explanation.<\/p>\n<p>2) The credited answer is <b>(A)<\/b>.\u00a0 If the pheromones in the nets simultaneous attract the fish sought by the commercial fishers, and repel the endangered marine species, that kills two birds with one stone!\u00a0 It&#8217;s good for the commercial fishers, and it does what the environmentalists want: a win-win scenario!\u00a0 This is a very clear strengthener.<\/p>\n<p>Choice <b>(B)<\/b> talks about the large size of some of the endangered species.\u00a0 The nets are quite specifically designed for individual species, some of which are large or small.\u00a0 IF anything, a large endangered marine species would not be caught in any of the nets designed for much smaller animals.\u00a0 Even if it suggests the plan would work for these few large species, that doesn&#8217;t indicate whether the plan would be successful overall.\u00a0 This is not a particularly compelling strengthener.<\/p>\n<p>Choice <b>(C)<\/b> is tempting &#8212; if the new nets were really cheap, that would help the commercial fishers, which is one of the goals.\u00a0 We have to be careful here.\u00a0 Choice <b>(C)<\/b> begins &#8220;<i>most<\/i> of the newly designed nets \u2026&#8221;\u00a0 Saying that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">most<\/span> <i>are not<\/i> expensive strongly implies that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">some<\/span> <i>are<\/i>, and this would be problematic for the commercial fishers.\u00a0 This does not support all the claims.<\/p>\n<p>Choice <b>(D)<\/b> indicates very broadly that protecting the endangered marine species could be compatible with the business interests of the commercial fishers, but this tell us zilch about whether this particular plan, involving the new nets, will work at all.<\/p>\n<p>Choice <b>(E)<\/b> presents an argument by analogy: freshwater fishers use different hooks to target individual species, much as this plan proposes using different nets.\u00a0\u00a0 This suggests in a general way that this plan <i>could<\/i> work, but it doesn&#8217;t make clear that the new plan involving the nets definitely will work.<\/p>\n<p>3) The credited answer is <b>(E)<\/b>.\u00a0 If the information in the videos really helps pitchers, then having other individuals who help the pitcher to remember and use all that useful information would make the pitcher even more successful.<\/p>\n<p>The prompt more or less tells us choice <b>(A)<\/b> &#8212; homeruns were &#8220;elevated&#8221; in the &#8220;steroids&#8221; era, and are not now.\u00a0 It doesn&#8217;t strengthen the argument to tell us something we already know.<\/p>\n<p>We want to explain an overall increase in strikeouts, so information about some group that strikes out less than other, as choice <b>(B)<\/b> provides, does not strengthen the argument.\u00a0 Furthermore, even given that different groups strikeout at different rates, this sheds no light on what might be responsible for the overall increase in strikeouts.<\/p>\n<p>The time period of choice <b>(C)<\/b> does not match the prompt, and it&#8217;s unclear what role increased bat speed would have.\u00a0 Choice <b>(C)<\/b> is not a strengthener.<\/p>\n<p>Choice <b>(D)<\/b> is interesting.\u00a0 If batters watch videos, and if those videos help them just as much as they help the pitchers, then theoretically, the batters would strike out less frequently.\u00a0\u00a0 If we follow this argument, it&#8217;s a weakener, not a strengthener, because it presents an argument about why enhanced video review might not explain the rise in strikeouts.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>First of all, a few practice GMAT Critical Reasoning questions of this particular genre. 1) Studies have shown that highway drivers are less likely to drive at speeds greater than the posted speed limit if houses or buildings are in some way visible from the road.\u00a0 Assuming similar car, road and traffic conditions, highway drivers [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[143],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[13209],"class_list":["post-3767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-critical-reasoning"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>GMAT CR: Strengthen the Argument<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-cr-strengthen-the-argument\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GMAT CR: Strengthen the Argument\" \/>\n<meta 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