{"id":3753,"date":"2013-07-01T09:13:03","date_gmt":"2013-07-01T16:13:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/?p=3753"},"modified":"2014-11-20T10:29:10","modified_gmt":"2014-11-20T18:29:10","slug":"gmat-quant-must-be-true-problems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-quant-must-be-true-problems\/","title":{"rendered":"GMAT Quant: Must Be True Problems"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>First, try these challenging GMAT practice problems. Give yourself a strict time-limit of six minutes for the set.<\/p>\n<p>1) If A is a number, which of the following must be true for any A?<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3757\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/quant1.png\" alt=\"quant1\" width=\"180\" height=\"119\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/quant1.png 340w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/quant1-300x198.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>2) If F and G are integers, with F &lt; G, which of the following must be true?<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3756\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/quant2.png\" alt=\"quant2\" width=\"119\" height=\"100\" \/><\/p>\n<p>3) If J is an integer, which of the following must be true?<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3755\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/quant3.png\" alt=\"quant3\" width=\"110\" height=\"100\" \/><\/p>\n<p>4) If p and q are two different odd prime numbers, such that p &lt; q, then which of the following must be true?<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3754\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/quant4.png\" alt=\"quant4\" width=\"577\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/quant4.png 975w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/quant4-300x52.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 577px) 100vw, 577px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Attacking \u201cmust be true\u201d problems<\/h2>\n<p>For many math problems, one has to focus on finding the one right answer. That approach, with these problems, is highly problematic. If you are super-talented with math, fluent in Algebra, then perhaps you can scan the list of choices and immediately spot the correct answer. If you are talented enough to do that, then good for you!<\/p>\n<p>For most folks, that approach is simply not feasible. The much more efficient solution involves elimination. You see, if any statement \u201cmust be true\u201d, then it will be true for any value you pick. It takes incredible skill (or fantastic luck) to pick a single value that eliminates four answer choices and leaves only one. If that happens by chance, great, but don&#8217;t focus on that. Focus on speed and efficiency. Pick one value, eliminate what you can, then pick another, eliminate more, etc. Whittle down the choices until you are left with one. That\u2019s the most efficient approach for these problems.<\/p>\n<p>You have to pick values to plug in. At the start of picking, pick very easy values &#8212; with a few easy choices, you should be able to eliminate two or three answer choices, making your overall job much easier.<\/p>\n<h2>What values to pick?<\/h2>\n<p>If you picked the same values for all four questions above, that\u2019s a problem. Those questions were specifically written so that the allowable numbers would be different in different questions.<br \/>\nWhen you hear \u201cA is a number\u201d, of what do you think? Remember that the general word \u201cnumber\u201d, like the general term \u201chuman being\u201d, includes all types. Just as the individuals under the term \u201chuman being\u201d constitute a bewildering variety, so do the citizens of the realm of \u201cnumbers.\u201d Numbers include positive &amp; negative, wholes &amp; fractions &amp; decimals, square-roots, pi, etc. etc. It\u2019s a realm of perfect democracy &#8212; for example, -(pi)\/5 is just as much a number as is 8. If, when a GMAT problem says \u201cnumber\u201d, your mind defaults to {1, 2, 3, 4, ..}, the \u201ccounting numbers\u201d, then with all due respect, that\u2019s really a third-grade way of thinking about the word \u201cnumbers\u201d, and the GMAT will viciously punish that kind of thinking. You always must be aware of all possibilities for any category.<\/p>\n<p>numbers = everything, positive\/negative, zero, fractions, decimals, everything on the continuous infinity of the number line.<\/p>\n<p>integers = positive and negative whole numbers = { &#8230; -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, &#8230;}<\/p>\n<p>positive integers = the counting numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..}; this list does NOT include zero, because zero is neither positive nor negative.<\/p>\n<p>Remember that \u201codd integers\u201d includes both positive and negatives, and \u201ceven integers\u201d includes positives &amp; zero &amp; negatives. Prime numbers are, by definition, a subset of positive integers. There are no negative primes, and neither zero nor one is a prime number. It\u2019s a very good idea to have the first few prime numbers memorized:<\/p>\n<p>Primes = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, &#8230;)<\/p>\n<p>Notice that 2 is the only even prime number (all other even numbers are divisible by 2, and hence are not prime). After 2, the primes are an irregularly spaced set of odd numbers that continues to infinity. In fact, let\u2019s talk a moment about their pattern<\/p>\n<h2>The pattern of prime numbers<\/h2>\n<p>In this section, I am going to dip into very advanced math, far far beyond the GMAT realm. In modern mathematics, most work around the \u201cpattern of prime numbers\u201d revolves around the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riemann_hypothesis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Riemann Hypothesis<\/a>, the single hardest un-answered question in all of mathematics. The great mathematician <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernhard_Riemann\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bernhard Riemann<\/a> proposed this grand question as a conjecture in an 1859 paper, and it has utterly baffled the most brilliant mathematical minds on the planet every since. Forget about answering the question &#8212; you need close to a Ph.D. in mathematics just to understand what the question is asking and what it has to do with prime numbers! (A brief graph of the central player of the Riemann Hypothesis, the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riemann_zeta_function\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Riemann Zeta Function<\/a>, is shown below.)<\/p>\n<p>All of which is a long-winded way of saying: there is no easy algebraic formula that always produces prime numbers. A simple pattern for prime numbers absolutely does not exist. Thus, in a \u201cmust be true\u201d question, any answer of the form \u201c[simple algebra expression] is a prime number\u201d cannot possibly be true all the time. That absolutely has to be a wrong answer.<\/p>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>If you had any big \u201caha!\u201d while reading this article, you may want to give those problems another glance before reading the solutions below. If you have any further questions or observations, please let us know in the comments section below.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/graph.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3758\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/graph.png\" alt=\"graph\" width=\"500\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/graph.png 975w, https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/files\/2013\/06\/graph-300x181.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 1.5em\">Practice problem explanations<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>1) First of all, notice that A is a \u201cnumber\u201d &#8212; could be positive or negative or zero, whole or fraction or negative. Let\u2019s first try a very easy choice: A = 0. Then, for the five answer choices, we get:<br \/>\n(A) undefined<br \/>\n(B) false<br \/>\n(C) true<br \/>\n(D) true<br \/>\n(E) undefined<\/p>\n<p>Remember, if some choice leads to an \u201cundefined\u201d value, a divide-by-zero error, then it is not \u201ctrue\u201d for that value. Error is just as good as false for eliminating answers. We are down to (C) &amp; (D). Try another relatively simple choice, A = -2.<br \/>\n(C) 1 = 1, true<br \/>\n(D) +2 \u2260 -2, false<\/p>\n<p>Remember that if A is negative, a negative squared is a positive, and the square-root sign always has a positive output. Therefore, the left side of the (D) equation is always positive, and can\u2019t be true if A is negative.<br \/>\nAnswer = (C).<\/p>\n<p>2) For this problem, both F &amp; G are integers &#8212; they could be positive or negative or zero, but they must be whole numbers. Here\u2019s a suggestion &#8212; one good choice would be to pick a positive number with smaller absolute value and a negative number with a larger absolute value: say, F = -4 and G = 1. Let\u2019s true those in the answers:<br \/>\n(A) 16 &lt; 1 false<br \/>\n(B) -64 &lt; 1 true<br \/>\n(C) 4 &lt; 1 false<br \/>\n(D) 4 &lt; 1 false<br \/>\n(E) 1-16 = -15 &gt; 0 false<\/p>\n<p>With one magical choice, we were able to eliminate four answer choices. Keep in mind, the combination small positive\/big negative is a good one, and so is pairing a negative number with 0 (e.g. F = -4, G = 0), because zero is greater than any negative number.<br \/>\nAnswer = (B)<\/p>\n<p>3) Here, J is an integer, so it can be positive or negative or zero, but not a fraction or a decimal. Zero is always a special case among integers, so let\u2019s start there. J = 0: then,<br \/>\n(A) undefined error<br \/>\n(B) 0 &gt; 0 false<br \/>\n(C) 0 &gt; 0 false<br \/>\n(D) 1 &gt; 0 true<br \/>\n(E) -1 &gt; 0 false<br \/>\nHere, the special case was enough to eliminate four answers. Again, remember, if some choice leads to an \u201cundefined\u201d value, a divide-by-zero error, then it is not \u201ctrue\u201d for that value. Error is just as good as false for eliminating answers.<br \/>\nAnswer = (D)<\/p>\n<p>4) Here, p and q are odd prime numbers. First of all, eliminate (A), because there\u2019s no simple algebraic rule that generates prime numbers. The easiest choices for numbers are p = 3 and q = 5. Try this:<br \/>\n(B) 3 + 5 = 8 is divisible by 4 &#8212; true<br \/>\n(C) 5 \u2013 3 = 2 is not divisible by 4 &#8212; false<br \/>\n(D) 5 + 3 + 1 = 9 = (5^2) \u2013 (4^2) &#8212; true<br \/>\n(E) (3^2) + (5^2) = 34<\/p>\n<p>This last number requires comment. Every odd number is the difference between two perfect squares, because adjacent squares <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/plugins\/wpmathpub\/phpmathpublisher\/img\/math_990.5_6d0d78bd58b6dd70273cda9168df7cd8.png\" style=\"vertical-align:-9.5px; display: inline-block ;\" alt=\"(n + 1)^2 - n^2 = 2n + 1\" title=\"(n + 1)^2 - n^2 = 2n + 1\"\/>. When we subtract two even squares or two odd squares, the number is always divisible by 4. Thus, 34 cannot be the difference of any pair of squares. Thus, on the basis of this choice, we can eliminate (E). We are left with (B) &amp; (D).<\/p>\n<p>Try p = 3 and q = 7.<br \/>\n(B) 3 + 7 = 10 is not divisible by 4 &#8212; false<br \/>\n(D) 3 + 7 + 1 = (6^2) \u2013 (5^2) &#8212; true<\/p>\n<p>In fact, since p &amp; q are both odd, (p + q + 1) must be odd, and as stated above, any odd number is the difference of two perfect squares. That\u2019s why (D) must be true.<br \/>\nAnswer = (D)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>First, try these challenging GMAT practice problems. Give yourself a strict time-limit of six minutes for the set. 1) If A is a number, which of the following must be true for any A? 2) If F and G are integers, with F &lt; G, which of the following must be true? 3) If J [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[112],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[13209],"class_list":["post-3753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-math"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>GMAT Quant: Must Be True Problems<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"GMAT expert Mike McGarry discusses some strategies when facing Must be True type problems on the GMAT and delves into some higher level math.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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M\u1d9cGarry","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/15a1e36ef1c2c3940179212433de141a","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6b06de81592cd77bb46aa560cc59aee179cba4d042835c3529221ea1b344cce0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6b06de81592cd77bb46aa560cc59aee179cba4d042835c3529221ea1b344cce0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Mike M\u1d9cGarry"},"description":"Mike holds an A.B. in Physics (graduating magna cum laude) and an M.T.S. in Religions of the World, both from Harvard. Beyond standardized testing, Mike has over 20 years of both private and public high school teaching experience specializing in math and physics. In his free time, Mike likes smashing foosballs into orbit, and despite having no obvious cranial deficiency, he insists on rooting for the NY Mets. Learn more about the GMAT through Mike's Youtube video explanations.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/MagooshGMATChannel\/featured"],"award":["Magna cum laude from Harvard"],"knowsAbout":["GMAT"],"knowsLanguage":["English"],"jobTitle":"Content Creator","worksFor":"Magoosh","url":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/author\/mikemcgarry\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":13209,"user_id":26,"is_guest":0,"slug":"mikemcgarry","display_name":"Mike M\u1d9cGarry","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6b06de81592cd77bb46aa560cc59aee179cba4d042835c3529221ea1b344cce0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"","last_name":"M\u1d9cGarry","first_name":"Mike","description":"Mike served as a GMAT Expert at Magoosh, helping create hundreds of lesson videos and practice questions to help guide GMAT students to success. He was also featured as \"member of the month\" for over two years at <a href=\"https:\/\/gmatclub.com\/blog\/2012\/09\/mike-mcgarrys-gmat-experience\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT Club<\/a>. Mike holds an A.B. in Physics (graduating <em>magna cum laude<\/em>) and an M.T.S. in Religions of the World, both from Harvard. Beyond standardized testing, Mike has over 20 years of both private and public high school teaching experience specializing in math and physics. In his free time, Mike likes smashing foosballs into orbit, and despite having no obvious cranial deficiency, he insists on rooting for the NY Mets. Learn more about the GMAT through Mike's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/MagooshGMATChannel\/featured\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Youtube <\/a>video explanations and resources like <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/whats-a-good-gmat-score\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">What is a Good GMAT Score?<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/gmat-diagnostic-test\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GMAT Diagnostic Test<\/a>."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3753"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3753\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3753"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}