{"id":4099,"date":"2021-01-29T22:21:11","date_gmt":"2021-01-30T06:21:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/?p=4099"},"modified":"2021-04-07T16:53:28","modified_gmt":"2021-04-07T23:53:28","slug":"cable-television","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/cable-television\/","title":{"rendered":"Magoosh English Lesson: Cable Television"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Welcome to the next lesson in this series of Magoosh\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/free-english-classes-with-magoosh-lesson-index\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">free English classes<\/span><\/a><b>.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this series, we will advance your English skills through learning about <\/span><b>American Television<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever wondered how your favorite shows get to your tv screen? Well wonder no more! In this lesson we\u2019re going to explore everything about cable television.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Goals:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Learn terms related to the world of television<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Explore the history of how cable and satellite tv made its way into millions of homes<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Learn the mechanics of what makes cable and satellite tv work<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Learn about a set of verbs that change meaning if they\u2019re followed by a gerund or an infinitive<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><i>Difficulty Level:\u00a0<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advanced<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Time: <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">15 minutes<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Cable Television<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of 2019, there were over 46 million cable subscribers in America. Granted, this is a significant reduction in the number of subscribers from the <\/span><b><i>heyday<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the early 2000s, but it\u2019s still a significant piece of the national <\/span><b><i>television market<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. How did so many people get connected to these services and how does it work?<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>The Beginning<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">John Walson created the first cable television system in 1948 so that his small Pennsylvania valley town would have access to television. The problem with broadcast TV is that the broadcast signal is sometimes weak or inaccessible based on the geography. High mountains blocked the signal for his valley town, so Walson set up <\/span><b><i>antennas<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at the tops of the mountains and <\/span><b><i>retransmitted <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the signal via cable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">From this small town solution, a television revolution was born, but not immediately. Cable companies began operating commercially in the 1950s. However, they would have to <\/span><b><i>cut through <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a lot of <\/span><b><i>red tape<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the FCC and advance technologically in order to turn into a profitable business. It wasn\u2019t until the late 1970s that cable television was viable due in part to the technological advancements of satellite tv.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Transmitting to Satellites<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">TV networks began transmitting their programming to satellites in orbit that would then retransmit that signal to a cable network station on the ground. In addition, cable companies switched their <\/span><b><i>coaxial cable lines<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to <\/span><b><i>fiber optic cable lines<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. These lines allowed cable TV signals to travel over very long distances with little interference and better quality and could service over 500 households. This combination is the foundation of cable television.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cable companies began offering their <\/span><b><i>channel subscription packages<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to neighborhoods in the late \u201880s and through the \u201890s. The number of channels in a package expanded over time as technology helped increase the <\/span><b><i>bandwidth <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">of cable TV systems. Also, <\/span><b><i>scrambling<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> technology allowed cable companies to offer <\/span><b><i>premium <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b><i>pay-per-view<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> channels at an additional cost.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>The Internet<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eventually, cable technology allowed companies to package internet services with their TV packages. Also, the companies switched from analog technology to digital technology which required the use of <\/span><b><i>cable boxes<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to receive programming.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, cable companies are quickly losing customers to <\/span><b><i>cord cutters<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. We\u2019ll explore the rise of TV streaming and the technology that makes it work in the next lesson!<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Word Focus<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Heyday<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A period of time where something or someone has their highest success or popularity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The team had fallen over the years and couldn\u2019t find a path of return to their heyday status from three decades ago.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Television Market <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; Also known as a <\/span><b><i>media market<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. An area where the population receives similar television or media offerings. These markets can be divided in a variety of ways based on location.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The New York City television market has over 6.5 million tv households.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Antenna<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; Any device used to transmit or receive TV signals (or radio).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We purchased a new HD antenna for my grandfather, so he can watch the news with better quality.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Retransmit<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">verb<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; To transmit a signal from another from another transmitter to another receiver.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We lived too far from the source signal, so the company set up another antenna to retransmit for our neighborhood.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Cut through red tape<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">idiom<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; To get around legislative obstacles with a purpose or goal.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We were finally able to break ground on the new housing development but had to cut through a lot of red tape.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Coaxial Cable <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A shielded electrical cable able to carry a high frequency signal with a small amount of loss.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Coaxial cables are used in a variety of devices and can carry signals like broadband internet signals and cable television.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Fiber Optic Cable <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; Similar to an electrical cable, but contains one or more optical fibers. Optical fibers are made of silica glass or plastic and have roughly the thickness of a human hair. Also, the fibers carry light signals instead of electrical signals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Long range fiber optic cables are usually made from glass and short range are made from plastic.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Channel Subscription Package<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A body of channels a customer receives from a cable company that is typically paid as part of a monthly subscription.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Our cable bill kept going up so we altered our channel subscription package.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Bandwidth<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A number of frequencies within a band. The frequencies are used to transmit signals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Each channel is assigned a specific bandwidth frequency at which they can transmit their programming.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Scrambling Technology<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; An electronic device used to distort a signal so a viewer can\u2019t see it without authorization. No longer necessary with digital TV.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Premium and pay-per-view channels used scrambling technology to prevent people from viewing their programming without paying.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Premium\/Pay-Per-View Channel<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A channel or program that is outside of a channel subscription package that costs an extra fee.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HBO was the original premium channel whereas boxing and wrestling matches were typically pay-per-view.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Cable Box<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A device (box) that retransmits television signals into a television set.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most cable companies require that you rent a cable box from them at a monthly rate. This is another reason for the rise in cord cutting.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Cord Cutter<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">informal noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; The pattern of individuals cancelling cable and satellite subscription services in favor of media available on the internet.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cable and satellite companies lost over 1 million subscribers in the first quarter of 2019. Most of the subscribers are cord cutters who moved to television streaming services.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Grammar Center<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Read the sentence from the passage below:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cable companies began operating commercially in the 1950s.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Would the meaning of this sentence change if the writer had written the sentence as shown below?<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cable companies began to operate commercially in the 1950s<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nope! No difference at all.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">That\u2019s because the verb <\/span><b><i>begin<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> can be used with a <\/span><b><i>gerund or infinitive<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> if the action is used in a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">non-continuous tense<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, if <\/span><b><i>begin <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is used in a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">continuous tense<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, only the infinitive can be used.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cable companies are beginning to operate commercially.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the meaning of the sentence has changed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Begin<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is part of a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.englishpage.com\/gerunds\/gerund_or_infinitive_different_list.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">set of verbs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that can have different meanings based on whether they are followed by a gerund or an infinitive. That list includes verbs like: <\/span><b><i>dread, forget, keep, need, regret, remember, start, stop, <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b><i>try.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Let\u2019s look at the past tense of the verb \u2018<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">forget\u2019<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to examine this grammar concept.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">She <\/span><\/i><b><i>forgot playing<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the park as a kid.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The sentence above uses a gerund with forget. In that situation, it implies that she used to play in the park as a kid, but forgot about it.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">She <\/span><\/i><b><i>forgot to take <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">her dog to the park yesterday.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When forget is used with an infinitive, it implies that she forgot to do something that she needed to do.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Both sentences use the same verb, but the meaning changes based on the gerund or infinitive used.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As an advanced speaker, it\u2019s important to be able to understand these differences in order to communicate more effectively. We won\u2019t go into more detail on the subject here, but you can click that link above for information on this topic. And for tips and tricks on other grammar topics, be sure to visit the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/english-grammar\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">English Grammar Category of the Magoosh Speaking Blog<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Quiz<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Based on your understanding of the passage above, which statement <i>best <\/i>describes the main idea of the passage?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. Cable companies fought the government and won their right to provide cable services to the masses.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. Satellites were key to the evolution of cable TV.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. Cable TV has a long history and evolved over time through business and technology.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. Cable companies were at the top of the market, but are losing business to cord cutters.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. What is the main <i>weakness<\/i> of a broadcast signal?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. The signal doesn\u2019t work with coaxial cable lines.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. It\u2019s sometimes weak or inaccessible based on geography.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. It requires scrambling technology.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. It must be retransmitted.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. A <i>fiber optic cable<\/i> uses what to carry a signal?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. Electricity<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. Water<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. Radio\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. Light<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. Cable companies used <i>scrambling technology<\/i> with which kind of signal?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. Analog<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. Digital<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. Which of the sentences below is written correctly?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. I keep forgetting telling her about the back door.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. I keep forget to tell her about the back door.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. I keep to forget to tell her about the back door.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. I keep forgetting to tell her about the back door.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>6. If the word begin is used in the <i>continuous tense<\/i> it can be followed by a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. Gerund<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. Infinitive<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. Both<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Answers<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Welcome to the next lesson in this series of Magoosh\u2019s free English classes.\u00a0 In this series, we will advance your English skills through learning about American Television!\u00a0 Have you ever wondered how your favorite shows get to your tv screen? Well wonder no more! In this lesson we\u2019re going to explore everything about cable television. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":422,"featured_media":4143,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4099","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english-grammar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Magoosh English Lesson: Cable Television<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn English with our 11-lesson series on American Television. In this lesson, we explore Cable Television. 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