{"id":4098,"date":"2021-01-29T22:16:56","date_gmt":"2021-01-30T06:16:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/?p=4098"},"modified":"2021-04-07T16:53:28","modified_gmt":"2021-04-07T23:53:28","slug":"introduction-to-english-in-american-television","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/introduction-to-english-in-american-television\/","title":{"rendered":"Magoosh English Lesson: Introduction to English in American Television"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Welcome to the first lesson in this series of Magoosh\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/free-english-classes-with-magoosh-lesson-index\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">free English classes<\/span><\/a><b>.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This series will advance your English skills through learning about <\/span><b>American Television<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">! First we\u2019ll examine what exactly is inside a television and the history of how that happened. And in the next lessons, we will explore TV show formatting and history and take a closer look at some of America\u2019s favorite and <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/10-english-tv-shows-to-improve-your-language-skills\/\">most famous TV shows<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the first two lessons, pay special attention to the key vocabulary words used in the passages. You\u2019ll need to identify and understand these words for the rest of the lessons in the series.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Goals:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Learn terms related to the mechanics of a Television<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Explore the history of how these elements came to be used in a TV<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Learn to properly write a decade in your writing<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><i>Difficulty Level:\u00a0<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advanced<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Time: <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">15 minutes<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>What Makes A Television Work? A Quick History<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On any given day, over 75% of people in the U.S. spend time watching television. And most watch, on average, over two hours per day based on their <\/span><b><i>demographic<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Television is a way to connect with the rest of the world. It provides entertainment as well as information. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3>What makes a television work?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To answer that question, let\u2019s go back to the early 20th century when scientists gave their first demonstration of a <\/span><b><i>mechanical television<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The invention was <\/span><b><i>crude <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and relied on a spinning mechanical disc to generate a video signal. The disc was replaced in the mid-1930s when <\/span><b><i>electrical televisions<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> became the norm. This technology relied on a <\/span><b><i>cathode ray tube<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to project electronic images on a screen. Companies developed the tubes through the 1980s and used them all the way through the 2000s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Originally, cathode tubes could only display in a grey color scale known as <\/span><b><i>monochrome<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. There were many solutions developed from the 1930s to the 1950s to display images in color. It wasn\u2019t until the development of the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><i>Trinitron<\/i><\/b>\u00a0by Sony in the \u201860s that color TVs would become the standard.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, the main problem with color television was broadcasting the signal in color. It would take the combined efforts of <\/span><b><i>television networks<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the <\/span><b><i>FCC<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to work out the details on a <\/span><b><i>broadcast television system<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that would work. By the \u201870s, all broadcasts were in color and color televisions began to outsell black and white TVs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Television Today<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, television sets and broadcast systems have evolved well beyond the original technology. With the onset of developing computer technologies, TVs are now more like a computer than their ancestors. TVs use an array of <\/span><b><i>light-emitting diodes<\/i><\/b> <b><i>(LED)<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to display images that are powered by a <\/span><b><i>CCD<\/i><\/b> <b><i>chip<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">And through another collective effort of the television networks and the FCC, networks now broadcast a <\/span><b><i>digital signal<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> instead of an <\/span><b><i>analog signal<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. These signals allow stations to broadcast more channels and clearer pictures with higher quality sound.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All of these elements work together to bring you your favorite shows every day!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that we know some of the <\/span><b><i>mechanisms <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that make a TV work, in the next lessons, we\u2019ll explore the history of TV shows and their formatting and then the history of cable and satellite television.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Word Focus<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Demographic<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A section or sections of a population. Demographic information is divided into categories like age, gender, ethnicity, race, marital status, income, education, and\/or employment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">American television networks and marketers study demographics to better understand how to better sell shows and products.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Mechanical Television<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A television system that used a mechanical rotating disc or mirror to create a video signal that was pushed to a mechanical receiver to display on a screen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mechanical televisions were the original television systems. They were used up until the 1930s.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b><i>**Want to see how mechanical TVs worked? <\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=v5OANXk-6-w\"><b><i>Watch this video<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i>***<\/i><\/b><b><i><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Crude<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">adjective<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; Something that has not been refined. In a raw state. Simplistic.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crude oil is oil that has not been processed for use in other oil based products.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Electrical Television<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A television system that uses electricity to power a cathode ray tube in order to both transmit and receive a TV signal. New TVs are also powered by electricity, so you probably won\u2019t hear this term outside of a scientific discussion.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Electrical television is a term used to describe old TVs that used cathode ray tubes and analog signals to display images.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b><i>**For a more in-depth explanation of how old analog TVs worked, <\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=l4UgZBs7ZGo\"><b><i>watch this video<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i>.**<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Cathode Ray Tube<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A vacuum tube that contains an electron gun to deflect electrons onto a screen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">CRTs were developed and used in televisions and other display devices into the early 2000s.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Monochrome<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; One color. A picture in black and white with different tones.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Early televisions only displayed images in monochrome or black and white.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Trinitron<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; Sony\u2019s brand of CRT (cathode ray tube) that used a combination of a three-in-one electron gun and an aperture grill to project bright, colorful images on a screen. Manufacturers used the technology through the early 2000s.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trinitron\u00a0was created by a team of engineers led by Sony co-founder Masaru Ibuka.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b><i>**For a more in-depth explanation of the Trinitron, <\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0aFhzGEBQlk\"><b><i>watch this video<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i>.**<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Television Network<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A network that broadcasts or distributes television programming. Some networks pay for the operations through advertising and others are pay-to-view networks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NBC, CBS, and ABC are the three major broadcast television networks in America.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>FCC (Federal Communications Commission)<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; Agency of the US Government that regulations communications in America. This includes American television, radio, satellite, phone, and cable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The FCC was established in 1934.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Broadcast Television System<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A system for distributing television content to a mass audience through electromagnetic signals. The systems are the formatting standards for these signals. There were three main analog systems in use up until the 2010s and now there are four digital systems that networks use.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Broadcast television systems are necessary to ensure signals can be received and read by a television.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Light-Emitting Diode<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A semiconductor light source that lights up when charged.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LED technology is the reason we have flat panel TVs.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>CCD Chip (Charge Coupled Device)<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A device that moves electrical charges to areas where the charge can be read and converted.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">CCD chips were the breakthrough technology that enabled digital imaging.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Digital TV Signal<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A form of signal transmission that uses digital encoding. A digital receiver on a television then decodes the signal and displays it on a screen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of 2009, every broadcast station in America has switched to a digital signal.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Analog TV Signal<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; A form of signal transmission that transmits a continuous signal at both a UHF and VHF frequency for video and sound. The signal was prone to interference from other electronics broadcasting a signal.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">By 2030, nearly every broadcast station in the world will have switched from an analog signal to a digital signal.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b><i>**What\u2019s the difference between an Analog and a Digital Signal? Find out <\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WxJKXGugfh8&amp;t=113s&amp;pbjreload=10\"><b><i>here<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i>.**<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><i>Mechanisms<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) &#8211; Any system of parts that make a machine work.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The key mechanism that makes a modern television work is a CCD chip.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>Grammar Center<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Read these two sentences from the passage and notice the punctuation of the decades highlighted in the sentence:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There were many solutions developed from the <\/span><\/i><b><i>1930s <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to the <\/span><\/i><b><i>1950s <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to display images in color. It wasn\u2019t until the development of the Trinitron\u00a0by Sony in the <\/span><\/i><b><i>\u201860s <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that color TVs would become the standard.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the first sentence, the writer uses the full decade (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1930 and 1950<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) and an \u2018s\u2019 with no apostrophe. Yet, in the second sentence, the writer just uses the last two digits of the decade (60) with an s and places an apostrophe before the numbers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b><i>What\u2019s going on here!?<\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This aspect of English writing trips up native speakers all the time, and as an ESL learner, it\u2019s possibly even more confusing. So, let\u2019s look at how to properly write and punctuate decades in your writing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are two rules when writing a decade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Rule 1<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First, when writing a full decade, place an \u2018s\u2019 after the numerals with no apostrophe.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>1920s, 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, etc&#8230;<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An apostrophe at the end of a word should only be used to indicate possession or form a <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/contractions-in-english-grammar-what-you-need-to-know\/\">contraction<\/a>. The writer doesn&#8217;t use that function in this instance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The apostrophe rule also applies if you were to spell out a decade instead of using numerals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>The nineties, the nineteen-nineties<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It\u2019s purely a style choice as of whether to spell out a decade or write the numerals. However, you will save more space with the numerals. Also, if you\u2019re going to write only the decade, the century must be clear from the writing, which brings us to the second rule.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Rule 2<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When only using the last two digits to indicate a decade, put an apostrophe <\/span><b><i>before<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the two digits and no apostrophe afterward.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>The \u201870s, the \u201880s, the &#8217;90s<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The apostrophe in this case represents the two digits omitted from the decade. However, be sure your writing or passage indicates the century in context. Let\u2019s take one final look at the sentences from the paragraph to see that transition.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8230;developed from the <\/span><\/i><b><i>1930s <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to the <\/span><\/i><b><i>1950s <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to display images in color. It wasn\u2019t until the development of the Trinitron\u00a0by Sony in the <\/span><\/i><b><i>\u201860s<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The writer made a clear indication that they&#8217;re discussing the 20th century. Next time you\u2019re writing about a certain time period, keep these two rules in mind, and you\u2019ll always have the correct format.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Quiz<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. The purpose of the above passage is best described as:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. Persuasive<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. Informative<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. Narrative<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. Description<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Which of these statements best summarizes the central idea of the passage?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. Televisions run on both digital and analog signals.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. Electrical televisions were mainly used during the 20th century.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. Television is an invention with a long history of evolution over the past century.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. TVs run because of a number of mechanisms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. TVs that played in <i>monochrome <\/i>showed pictures in which color scale?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. Green Scale<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. Blue Scale<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. Red Scale<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. Gray Scale<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. Which of these words is the <i>best<\/i> <i>synonym<\/i> for <i>crude<\/i>?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. Raw<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. New<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. Awkward<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. Backward<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. Which of the following uses correct punctuation of a decade?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. 1990s<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. The nineties<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. Neither<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. Both<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>6. Which of the following demonstrates the correct punctuation of a two digit decade?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A. The 70s<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B. The \u201870s<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C. The \u201870\u2019s<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D. The 70\u2019s<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Answers:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">C<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Welcome to the first lesson in this series of Magoosh\u2019s free English classes.\u00a0 This series will advance your English skills through learning about American Television! First we\u2019ll examine what exactly is inside a television and the history of how that happened. And in the next lessons, we will explore TV show formatting and history and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":422,"featured_media":4143,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4098","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english-grammar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Magoosh English Lesson: Introduction to English in American Television<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Are you an ESL student who would like to learn about American Television? 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