{"id":3852,"date":"2020-10-19T16:25:07","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T16:25:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/?p=3852"},"modified":"2021-04-07T16:53:22","modified_gmt":"2021-04-07T23:53:22","slug":"the-em-dash-magoosh-english-speaking","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/the-em-dash-magoosh-english-speaking\/","title":{"rendered":"Em Dash: The Versatile Grammar Tool You Can Use Today!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Click below to listen to a recording of this passage.<\/em><\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-3852-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-Introduction.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-Introduction.mp3\">https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-Introduction.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ah, the \u201cem dash\u201d. Every language has two paths, evolution or death. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evolving<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> languages change with widespread use and new events and technology.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the last century, television and the internet sped up this natural evolution within every language, and that\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">especially <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">true for English. In fact, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">they update the Oxford Dictionary<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> four times every year just to keep up!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But, what does that have to do with the em dash?\u2014I\u2019m getting there!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since the Internet took hold of our lives, punctuation in writing has become a contentious issue. Hundreds of thousands of bloggers and writers\u2014some <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">formally <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">trained in writing, and some <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">obviously <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">not\u2014now have a global platform where they can display content.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With this endless stream of content, many of the oldest grammar and punctuation debates have now resurfaced. And the use of the dash, or <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">more specifically, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">em dash<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been one of the most talked about grammar topics of the 21st century.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this blog, we will reveal (make known) and break down the rules of when and when not and where to use an <\/span><b><i>em dash<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Prefer to watch this lesson on video? Here\u2019s our full length tutorial on how to use the phrase <\/span><b>\u2018The Em Dash\u2019):<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u2018The Em Dash\u2019:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><iframe title=\"The Em Dash | How and When to Use It | English Lesson\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JdkSYIrl6Ic?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2><strong>What is an Em Dash?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><em>Click below to listen to a recording of this passage.<\/em><\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-3852-2\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-What-is-an-Em-Dash.mp3?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-What-is-an-Em-Dash.mp3\">https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-What-is-an-Em-Dash.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ben Yagoda, a professor of English at the University of Delaware, called the em dash \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the most versatile piece of punctuation<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201d in the English language. I\u2019m <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">purposefully <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">using them a lot in this article to show that versatility (able to adapt to many different functions).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First, let\u2019s distinguish an <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">em dash<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from both an <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">en dash<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">hyphen<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An em dash is different in both usage and appearance, and it\u2019s easy to confuse the three forms of punctuation as a writer uses the same or similar keys to create all three. We\u2019ll dig deeper into the differences between the three, but for now let\u2019s just look at the appearance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">From a typography (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the style of printed material) standpoint, the em dash is a combination of three hyphens which measure at the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.convertit.com\/Go\/ConvertIt\/Measurement\/Units.ASP?Letter=M\">length<\/a> of the letter \u201cM\u201d in print. Therefore we call the mark an \u201cem\u201d dash. An \u201cen\u201d dash measures at the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.convertit.com\/Go\/ConvertIt\/Measurement\/Units.ASP?Letter=M\">length<\/a> of the letter \u201cN\u201d, and a hyphen is just a hyphen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To make the mark on a Mac,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">type Shift + Option + Minus (-), and on Windows, use Ctrl + Alt + Minus (-).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>When and Where To Use An Em Dash<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><em>Click below to listen to a recording of this passage.<\/em><\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-3852-3\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-Where-and-When-to-Use.mp3?_=3\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-Where-and-When-to-Use.mp3\">https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-Where-and-When-to-Use.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that we know how to make the mark, let\u2019s look at its usage. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An em dash can be used<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in place of parentheses, commas, colons, or quotation marks or to show interruption, omission (exclusion), or amplification (expansion) in a sentence. Let\u2019s look at some examples we saw earlier in the blog:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But, what does that have to do with the em dash?\u2014I\u2019m getting there! <\/span><b>Amplification<\/b><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hundreds of thousands of bloggers and writers\u2014some <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">formally <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">trained in writing, and some <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">obviously <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">not\u2014now have a global platform where they can display content. <\/span><b>Parenthesis<\/b><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Note:<\/i><\/b> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We primarily use an em dash in informal writing. Sometimes you\u2019ll use one in formal (business or legal) writing, and we\u2019ll cover that in this article. However, it\u2019s not as common.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>Parenthetical Information<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many writers use em dashes to set off information they would separate using parentheses if writing<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> formally<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It helps to put a focus on the nonessential information and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is typically used<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> when there is a comma within the information\u2014but not always.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Think of it this way: an em dash helps the reader to keep focus on your thought when a parenthesis might show a full shift in thought.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When using an em dash in this manner, be sure to put an em dash on both sides of the information just as you would open and close parenthetical information with a parenthesis.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There is an argument in the grammar community over whether or not to put a space before an after an em dash, but <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ultimately <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">it is a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">personal <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">choice. However, be consistent with your choice.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Examples:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When I was running this morning\u2014speed walking would be a better word,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> actually<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014I saw a herd of deer crossing the road.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">How to Win Friends and Influence People<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is one of the best books\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">really<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the only book you need\u2014about expanding your network.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During this period, there was a decline\u2014exacerbated by a financial scandal in the automotive industry\u2014in the number of new employees hired by businesses in the Midwest.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Beatles title track on <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Help!<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">commercially <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">successful but albeit, often forgotten, song when compared to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yesterday<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was nominated<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for four <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/magoosh-english-class-the-music-award-goes-to-the-grammys\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Grammy Awards<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1965.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>Appositive Phrases<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/appositive-phrases-what-are-they-and-how-are-they-used\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Appositives phrases<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are clauses we use within a sentence to clarify information or rename something. In most styles of writing, you use commas to set off a nonessential appositive phrase, but there is an exception that can <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">be used<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with both formal and informal writing. If the appositive phrase itself requires a comma, then you can use an em dash to set off the whole phrase.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Examples:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since 1997 it has been <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the opinion of<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> most industry leaders\u2014banking, automotive, retail, technology, transportation, agriculture, and manufacturing\u2014that the Federal Reserve needs to lower interest rates.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you need anything when you arrive, please contact my assistant\u2014Mary, our office assistant; not Brittany, my personal assistant\u2014and she can assist you.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sherlock Holmes\u2014the famous fictional detective who examined, investigated, and solved crimes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014was penned by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>Emphasis and Interruption<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Using an em dash for emphasis or an interruption <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is considered<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a stylistic choice and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is reserved<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for informal or narrative writing. This is the usage you see in many <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">casually <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">written articles and perhaps in some novels or poetry from some famous writers like Emily Dickenson, R.L. Stine, or Stephen King.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Em dashes like these bring the attention or focus of the reader to a certain piece of information and can take the place of commas in a nonessential appositive phrase. The difference is that the writer <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">really <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">wants the reader to focus on that information.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another form of an em dash for emphasis, comes at the end of a sentence and acts as a harsher form of a comma or colon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They can also act as an interrupter or break or trailing off in thought or action. This sometimes comes in the form of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">very <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">quick change in thought or action. And in addition, writers can also use em dashes to show<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> an interruption<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> when a person or character is speaking.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Look at these examples to see the em dash used in each of these forms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Emphasis:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When hiking in the woods\u2014always, always, always!\u2014bring an extra pair of socks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I saw the ball drop and looked around the room to see everyone kissing, and that\u2019s when I knew\u2014it was New Year\u2019s Day.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">After months and months of deliberation, his mom sat back in her chair for she had heard the one word that could bring a mother of an accused victim some sense of relief\u2014innocent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Interruption:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">She kept looking around the house\u2014what was it she was looking for?\u2014for what seemed like an eternity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cI can\u2019t stan\u2014\u201d <\/span>\u201cNo! Don\u2019t say another word!\u201d he exclaimed.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cWhere are you go\u2014\u201d <\/span>BAM! Suddenly a large explosion from behind the building cut her question off.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cJohn, could you just\u2014I don\u2019t know\u2014go take a walk or something?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>Omission<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Using an em dash as an omission has two purposes and this is where the mark <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is typically used<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in business or legal writing. It can either show an unknown or <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">purposefully <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">omitted word in a formal document.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When used in this case, you\u2019ll see one or two dashes in place of missing letters or you may see three dashes in a row to show a full missing word.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Example:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mr. \u2014 \u2014\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">indicated<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that he was the one who filed the complaint.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The man was yelling from the bottom of the ravine, so we couldn\u2019t hear him. We could only make out, \u201cH\u2014p! I n\u2014d h\u2014!\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>The Em Dash or the En Dash?\u2014That Is the Question<\/strong><\/h2>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-3852-4\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-The-Em-Dash-or-the-En-Dash.mp3?_=4\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-The-Em-Dash-or-the-En-Dash.mp3\">https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/Em-Dash-The-Em-Dash-or-the-En-Dash.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p><em>Click below to listen to a recording of this passage.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that you\u2019ve seen all of the ways you can use an <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">em dash<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, let\u2019s look at when to use the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">en dash<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It\u2019s simple, the en dash only has two uses in writing. To <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">indicate<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a span or range of numbers or to denote a connection between two words.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Examples:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These are the pictures from the 2019\u20132020 school year.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> score stood at 102\u201398.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Team Michael\u2013Team Jennifer dynamic has been confusing for their friends.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> whole pro-bill\u2013anti-bill debate has divided the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With these rules and examples, you\u2019re now equipped to use the <\/span><b><i>em dash<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as you please. Just remember not to overdo it with this versatile writing tool and that we reserve them <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">mainly <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">for informal writing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>As always, for all things English grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary, and business English, visit the Magoosh English Speaking Blog!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Click below to listen to a recording of this passage. &nbsp; Ah, the \u201cem dash\u201d. Every language has two paths, evolution or death. Evolving languages change with widespread use and new events and technology.\u00a0 Over the last century, television and the internet sped up this natural evolution within every language, and that\u2019s especially true for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":422,"featured_media":3851,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english-grammar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Em Dash: The Versatile Grammar Tool You Can Use Today!<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The em dash is the most versatile piece of punctuation in the English language. 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