{"id":2538,"date":"2020-08-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-08-14T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/local.events.com\/relative-pronouns-how-to-use-them-in-english\/"},"modified":"2021-04-07T16:53:30","modified_gmt":"2021-04-07T23:53:30","slug":"relative-pronouns-how-to-use-them-in-english","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/relative-pronouns-how-to-use-them-in-english\/","title":{"rendered":"Relative Pronouns: How to use them in English"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"blog-content\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"wsite-image wsite-image-border-none\" style=\"padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;text-align: center\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 90%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"490562378203882687\" class=\"wcustomhtml\" style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"left\">\n<p>Relative pronouns are different from personal pronouns in English&#8211;the latter just replaces nouns.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><!--BLOG_SUMMARY_END--><\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"611825781340964017\" class=\"wcustomhtml\" style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"left\">\n<p><em>Click below to listen to a recording of this passage.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wsite-html5audio\" title=\"Audio: relative_pronouns_-_introduction.mp3\">\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2538-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"height: auto;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_introduction.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_introduction.mp3\">https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_introduction.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"506867723577196927\" class=\"wcustomhtml\" style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"left\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As an example of a personal pronoun, when talking about your friend, Steve, you might occasionally replace his name with the pronoun \u201che.\u201d It might be more general, but we would still know that you\u2019re talking about a specific person.<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019ve been studying or speaking English for a while, you\u2019re probably pretty familiar with personal pronouns (<em>I, You, We, They, He, She, It, me, us, him, her, them<\/em>). However, relative pronouns are different and can be a little more complicated.<\/p>\n<p><em>So, what are relative pronouns?<\/em> Let\u2019s dive right in to find out!<\/p>\n<p>(Prefer to watch this lesson on video? Here\u2019s our full length tutorial on <strong>\u201cRelative Pronouns in English\u201d):<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u2018Relative Pronouns in English\u2019:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wsite-youtube\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;margin-top: 10px\">\n<div class=\"wsite-youtube-wrapper wsite-youtube-size-auto wsite-youtube-align-center\">\n<div class=\"wsite-youtube-container\"><iframe src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZrjdNlXHlm8?wmode=opaque\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"726428616384092964\" class=\"wcustomhtml\" style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"left\">\n<h2>What are relative pronouns?<\/h2>\n<p><em>Click below to listen to a recording of this passage.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wsite-html5audio\" title=\"Audio: relative_pronouns_-_what_are_relative_pronouns.mp3\">\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2538-2\" preload=\"none\" style=\"height: auto;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_what_are_relative_pronouns.mp3?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_what_are_relative_pronouns.mp3\">https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_what_are_relative_pronouns.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"396026376999860868\" class=\"wcustomhtml\" style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"left\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To understand relative pronouns, you must first understand <strong><em>relative clauses<\/em><\/strong>. A relative clause is a type of dependent clause that modifies part or all of the main clause. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>He\u2019s the man <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">who hit my car<\/span><\/strong>!<\/li>\n<li>I like to eat foods <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">that are natural<\/span><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>She wants to invite people <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">whom we all know<\/span><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The table, <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">which was a present<\/span><\/strong>, looks great in my living room.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you can see, all four relative clauses provide additional information about the noun in the main clause. For this reason, relative clauses are sometimes known as \u201cadjective clauses.\u201d You\u2019ll also notice that relative clauses must begin with a relative pronoun.<\/p>\n<p>In English, there are five (common) relative pronouns.<\/p>\n<h3>What are the 5 relative pronouns?<\/h3>\n<p>These are the five most common relative pronouns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>That<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; \u201cThat\u201d modifies people and things.\n<ul>\n<li>The woman grabbed the pamphlet <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> was nearest to her.<\/li>\n<li>The dog <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> bit me lives nearby.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Which<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; \u201cWhich\u201d modifies things.\n<ul>\n<li>The book, <strong><em>which<\/em><\/strong> took five years to write, was rather dull.<\/li>\n<li>The bird, <strong><em>which<\/em><\/strong> sings all day, wants to leave its cage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Who<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; \u201cWho\u201d modifies people or animals (with names).\n<ul>\n<li>I like people <strong><em>who<\/em><\/strong> give to charity.<\/li>\n<li>Diego is a chimpanzee <strong><em>who<\/em><\/strong> knows sign language.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Whom<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; \u201cWhom\u201d modifies people or animals (with names) that function as the object of a sentence.\n<ul>\n<li>Last night I saw a man <strong><em>whom<\/em><\/strong> I believe to be the city mayor.<\/li>\n<li>She\u2019s the woman with <strong><em>whom<\/em><\/strong> he had an affair.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Whose<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; \u201cWhose\u201d modifies people or animals (with names) by referring to something that they possess.\n<ul>\n<li>My roommate is the one <strong><em>whose<\/em><\/strong> mother passed away.<\/li>\n<li>Lyle, <strong><em>whose<\/em><\/strong> fur is completely black, is one of the friendliest cats you\u2019ll ever meet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Compound Relative Pronouns<\/h3>\n<p>In addition to the five pronouns listed above, there are also a few <strong><em>compound relative pronouns<\/em><\/strong>. People sometimes refer to them as \u201cindefinite relative pronouns.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Compound relative pronouns apply to general groups of people or things, as well as people or things that are unknown. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Whoever<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; \u201cWhoever\u201d modifies general groups or unknown people.\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Whoever<\/em><\/strong> comes to the party will be welcomed as a friend.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Whomever<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; \u201cWhomever\u201d modifies general groups or unknown people that function as the object of a sentence.\n<ul>\n<li>They always mistreated <strong><em>whomever<\/em><\/strong> they encountered.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Whichever<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; \u201cWhichever\u201d modifies general groups or unknown things.\n<ul>\n<li>I will eat at <strong><em>whichever<\/em><\/strong> restaurant you prefer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Whatever<\/strong> &#8211; \u201cWhatever\u201d modifies general or unknown things.\n<ul>\n<li>My parents will be happy with <strong><em>whatever<\/em><\/strong> career I choose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Finally, <strong><em>where<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>when<\/em><\/strong>, and <strong><em>what<\/em><\/strong> can also function as relative pronouns in some situations. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Can you show us the spot <strong><em>where<\/em><\/strong> you proposed?<\/li>\n<li>We can cross that bridge <strong><em>when<\/em><\/strong> we come to it.<\/li>\n<li>I don\u2019t know <strong><em>what<\/em><\/strong> to do.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"570267631412325019\" class=\"wcustomhtml\" style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"left\">\n<h2>How to Use Relative Pronouns<\/h2>\n<p><em>Click below to listen to a recording of this passage.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wsite-html5audio\" title=\"Audio: relative_pronouns_-_how_to_use_relative_pronouns.mp3\">\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2538-3\" preload=\"none\" style=\"height: auto;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_how_to_use_relative_pronouns.mp3?_=3\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_how_to_use_relative_pronouns.mp3\">https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_how_to_use_relative_pronouns.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"782311942989611847\" class=\"wcustomhtml\" style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"left\">\n<p>While the rules above provide a solid introduction to relative pronouns in English, they definitely don\u2019t tell the whole story!<\/p>\n<p>Some relative pronouns seem interchangeable (that\/which, who\/that), while some relative pronouns require specific punctuation. In any case, we will break down some of the more complicated rules below!<\/p>\n<h3>Restrictive Relative Clauses vs. Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses<\/h3>\n<p>These names probably sound intimidating, but they\u2019re easy once you know what they mean!<\/p>\n<p>In short, relative clauses can be divided into two types: restrictive and non-restrictive. These are sometimes referred to as defining (restrictive) and non-defining (non-restrictive) clauses.<\/p>\n<p>Restrictive clauses provide information that is necessary to understand the noun and sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Alternatively, a non-restrictive relative clause adds non-vital information about the noun. In other words, you can remove a non-restrictive relative clause and the sentence will still make sense.<\/p>\n<p>However, if you try to remove a restrictive relative clause, the sentence won\u2019t make sense. Let\u2019s take a closer look at how to use relative pronouns in both restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses.<\/p>\n<h4>Restrictive Relative Clauses<\/h4>\n<p>In English, relative pronouns can function as a subject pronoun, an object pronoun, or a possessive pronoun. Let\u2019s see how they each work in restrictive relative clauses:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Pronoun<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Example Sentence<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Subject<\/td>\n<td>That<\/td>\n<td>The house <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> I grew up in was small.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Subject<\/td>\n<td>Who<\/td>\n<td>The man <strong><em>who<\/em><\/strong> took my purse had green eyes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Object<\/td>\n<td>Whom<\/td>\n<td>She is the girl of <strong><em>whom<\/em><\/strong> we are speaking.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Object<\/td>\n<td>That<\/td>\n<td>The car <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> I want is not expensive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Possessive<\/td>\n<td>Whose<\/td>\n<td>The person <strong><em>whose<\/em><\/strong> phone was stolen should contact the police.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Possessive<\/td>\n<td>Whosever<\/td>\n<td><strong><em>Whosever<\/em><\/strong> keys these are should let me know.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses<\/h4>\n<p>Now, let\u2019s see how relative pronouns function in non-restrictive relative clauses. Remember, non-restrictive clauses add nonessential information. While they operate much like restrictive clauses, non-restrictive clauses must be separated from the rest of the sentence with one or more commas.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Pronoun<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Example Sentence<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Subject<\/td>\n<td>Which<\/td>\n<td>The house, <strong><em>which<\/em><\/strong> I grew up in, is small.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Subject<\/td>\n<td>Who<\/td>\n<td>The boy, <strong><em>who<\/em><\/strong> usually makes good grades, failed the test.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Object<\/td>\n<td>Whom<\/td>\n<td>The girl, <strong><em>whom<\/em><\/strong> no one likes, wants to be my friend.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Object<\/td>\n<td>Which<\/td>\n<td>The car, <strong><em>which<\/em><\/strong> I hope to buy someday, is expensive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Possessive<\/td>\n<td>Whose<\/td>\n<td>The person, <strong><em>whose<\/em><\/strong> name I can\u2019t remember, attends my school.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Possessive<\/td>\n<td>Whosever<\/td>\n<td>The jackets, <strong><em>whosever<\/em><\/strong> they may be, were taken to lost and found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<div id=\"900277335204371055\" class=\"wcustomhtml\" style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"left\">\n<h2>Common Grammar and Usage Problems<\/h2>\n<p><em>Click below to listen to a recording of this passage.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wsite-html5audio\" title=\"Audio: relative_pronouns_-_common_grammar_problems_and_conclusion.mp3\">\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2538-4\" preload=\"none\" style=\"height: auto;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_common_grammar_problems_and_conclusion.mp3?_=4\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_common_grammar_problems_and_conclusion.mp3\">https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/files\/legacy\/relative_pronouns_-_common_grammar_problems_and_conclusion.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"407979310882767630\" class=\"wcustomhtml\" style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"left\">\n<p>As you can see, relative pronouns can get a little tricky. Even native English speakers argue over correct usage! So, let\u2019s look at a few of <a href=\"https:\/\/magoosh.com\/english-speaking\/10-most-common-grammar-mistakes-in-english\/\">the most common grammar issues<\/a> with relative pronouns and how you can avoid them:<\/p>\n<h3>That vs. Which<\/h3>\n<p>Both \u201cthat\u201d and \u201cwhich\u201d can refer to the same things. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This is the movie <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> I want to watch.<\/li>\n<li>I want to watch this movie, <strong><em>which<\/em><\/strong> stars Bruce Willis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Can you see the difference? In most cases, we use \u201cthat\u201d to begin a restrictive relative clause, while we use \u201cwhich\u201d to begin a non-restrictive relative clause. It\u2019s as simple as that!<\/p>\n<h3>Who vs. That<\/h3>\n<p>\u201cWho\u201d and \u201cthat\u201d can both refer to people. Some grammar purists argue that only \u201cwho\u201d should refer to people, however, it is very common to use the words interchangeably. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>She\u2019s the woman <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> wants to meet me.<\/li>\n<li>She\u2019s the woman <strong><em>who<\/em><\/strong> wants to meet me.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The first example sounds a bit more natural. While it\u2019s not a \u201crule,\u201d many people use \u201cthat\u201d to refer to people in informal speech and writing. Additionally, \u201cwho\u201d often refers to singular nouns, while \u201cthat\u201d often refers to plural nouns. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>He\u2019s the boy <strong><em>who<\/em><\/strong> broke his leg.<\/li>\n<li>They are the ones <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> skipped class.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Using \u201cWho\u201d for Animals<\/h3>\n<p>Finally, there\u2019s some confusion over whether you should ever use \u201cwho\u201d to refer to animals. Generally speaking, \u201cwho\u201d only refers to people, while \u201cthat\u201d or \u201cwhich\u201d refer to things (including animals). However, as outlined above, you can make an exception to this rule when an animal has a name. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>My cat, Delilah, is the one <strong><em>who<\/em><\/strong> stole the sandwich off the counter.<\/li>\n<li>This is the cow <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> doesn\u2019t like people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Fortunately, there are not a lot of relative pronouns to memorize. That said, each one serves a specific role. Once you learn the rules outlined above, you\u2019re all set! You\u2019ll be using relative pronouns during everyday conversations in no time!<\/p>\n<p>If you really want to advance your English skills, <a href=\"https:\/\/speaking.magoosh.com\/pricing\">our starter plan<\/a> includes unlimited automatic feedback and access to our Magoosh English Speaking Slack Group. There you can get peer feedback from advanced students along with unlimited automatic feedback within the app.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Relative pronouns are different than personal pronouns in English. Mastering relative pronouns will enhance your English speaking significantly.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":423,"featured_media":3513,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english-grammar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Relative Pronouns: How to use them in English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Relative pronouns are different than personal pronouns in English. 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